Generalinstructions:Take home exam This take-home examrequiresyou to answereach ofthefive(5)questions below. If you write in a clear and concise manner, youshouldbe able toanswereach question in...

General instructions: Take home exam
This take-home exam requires you to answer each of the five (5) questions below. If you write in a clear and concise manner, you should be able to answer each question in approximately 200- 300 words.
Note that this exam must be completed independently, without discussion with other students or individuals within or outside of the class. The assignment will be submitted through Turnitin and so plagiarism will be detected and refe
ed for investigation through the school’s Academic Integrity process.
Make sure to include a list of your sources, whether they be in the published literature or from lectures. You should provide references in APA format (6th edition), and double space your work.
Below are grading guidelines used to assess the answers. These guidelines do not comprise a formal ru
ic.
1. Technical elements
a. Clarity of writing: Well-developed answers are clear and can be followed with ease. They use an appropriate level of technical or lay language, as required.
. Writing mechanics & APA formatting: Well-developed answers have no (or minimal) e
ors in APA formatting, spelling, punctuation, or grammar.
2. Substantive elements
a. Well-developed answers have a well-articulated answer to the question, which is stated unambiguously.
. Well-developed answers build a logical and relevant argument. They use supporting evidence to support key points in their argument.
c. Well-developed answers present original ideas. They make accurate use of supporting materials. They integrate and synthesize information presented across lectures. They show good understanding of concepts, co
ect use of terminology and necessary elaboration.
General instructions: Please complete all questions below, typing in the box below each question (boxes expand as you type). Answers should be in complete sentences. You should include up to 3-4 references for each answer in the box. There is no need for intext referencing. The answer for each question should be no more than 200-300 words, excluding references.
1) Salbutamol is used for the relief of
onchospasm in patients with asthma. Salbutamol is normally administered as an inhaler; however, it has also been administered as an oral solution. Oral administration results in poor bioavailability. Major reasons contributing to the low bioavailability appear to be associated with poor absorption and rapid metabolism.
Explain how
i) poor absorption and
ii) rapid metabolism
contribute to poor bioavailability.
(5 marks)
    
Bioavailability is termed as a process, which is calculated as the fraction of doses of any drugs, which can reach the bloodstream through the systemic circulation. The bioavailability encompasses the rate as well as the extent of the absorption of the drug depending on the site of administration. In the case of the drugs, which are orally administered, the bioavailability of the drugs is impacted by the rate of absorption within the intestinal epithelium (Cui et al., 2017). In addition, the bioavailability of the drug is also impacted by the ability of the drug to pass through the intestinal epithelium and through the liver before being distributed in the systemic circulation. Further, the increase and decrease in the bioavailability results on drug exposure.
It has been observed that oral bioavailability is seriously compromised due to the metabolic constraints. The metabolism is
ought about in the presence of intestinal enzymes and intestinal flora. They play a predominant factor...