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Physics 2 Set 4
Question # 1. In 2-3 sentences and/or labelled images, show what you know about diffraction. What is
it? What does Huygen’s Principle have to do with it? What are two examples where it
occurs or might occur? Be careful to separate diffraction from interference, which is
caused by diffraction. Reminder: as for any work in a university course, if you use any
outside source, choose a reliable source and cite it using APA 7th edition in your question.
For this course, you need not cite your textbook unless quoting it.
Response : :Whenever a light passes around edge of an object , it is deemed to observe a slight bend.
This phenomenon is known as Diffraction .( refer Firgure #1 )
The amount of bending for the light shall depend on the relative size between the wavelength of light to the size of the opening.
Figure 1 : Diffraction
Figure 2 shows application of Huygens’s principle to a straight wavefront. Each point on the light wavefront shall emit a semicircular wavelet that would move a distance s=vt. The new formed wavefront shall be a line tangent to the wavelets.
The following are some real-life examples of diffraction:
· water waves in a ripple tank.
· Hologram.Figure 2 : Huygen’s principle explaining diffraction
Question # 2.. What is interference? How can diffraction through openings cause interference? Describe two or more situations that cause interference.
Response : : Interference is to be termed as the net effect being obtained due to the combination of two or more wave trains moving on intersecting or coincident paths. The resulting effect is that of the obtained addition of the amplitudes of the individual waves at each point being affected by more than one wave.
Figure 3 : Interference
If light is made to incidence onto an obstacle (in its path) which contains two very small slits a being separated at a distance “d” apart, then the wavelets which shall emanate from each slit would interfere behind the faced obstacle.
Ideally , waves passing through each slit would get diffracted and in turn shall spread out.
Here , angles where the single slit diffraction pattern results nonzero intensity, the emanating waves from the two slits shall now constructively or destructively interfere.
Figure 4 : Diffraction through openings causing interference
Figure 5 is the set up for Young’s double-slit experiment.
Here, light of a one wavelength is made to pass through a pair of vertical slits.Resultant is production of a diffraction pattern on the screen which is visible as numerous vertical light lines as well as dark lines which are spread out horizontally.In case the diffraction and interference had not happened, the light would had simply made two lines on the screen behind the slits as being specified .
Examples include :
i. the wide spectrum of colors exhibited by a soap bu
le
It is a result of both constructive and destructive interference of light waves which were varying in amplitude, wavelength, and relative phase displacements
this is due to interference of light rays that got reflected from inner & outer surfaces of the soap bu
le layer ( as it was just a few microns thick)
ii. Light beams demonstrate Interference of Destructive nature.
iii. Destructive Interference is observed with Moving electrons and radio waves also
iv. the light reflected from a film of oil floating on wate
v. Tuning fork produces single frequency wave. The piano player need to strike both tuning fork as well as a key on piano simultaneously. Here ,two waves are produced. Based on frequency being perfectly aligned, these waves will produce interference that will alternate between constructive and destructive interference. When constructive interference is produced, at that time combined sound from tuner and key will become louder than either of sounds.
vi. If two speakers are playing same sound and are placed opposite/facing each other and the sound waves that they produce are of same amplitude, then their crest overlaps. This results in constructive interference. Here, sound from speakers would become louder as a result of combination for increased amplitude
Question # 3. What is a diffraction grating? Describe or illustrate a typical material and structure for a diffraction grating.
Response : :
A diffraction grating can be described as an optical element which divides (largely disperses) light composed of lots of different wavelength such as a white light into various/several...