Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist This document is formatted for two-sided printing Candidate Assessment Guide HLT54115 Diploma of Nursing Unit of competency: HLTENN006...

Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist
Candidate Assessment Guide
HLT54115 Diploma of Nursing Unit of competency:
HLTENN006 - Apply principles of wound management in the clinical environment
This document is formatted for two-sided printing
Version control and document history
    Date
    Summary of modifications made
    Version no.
    30.03.2017
    Developed the Candidate Assessment Guide for the unit of competency HLTENN006 - Apply principles of wound management.
    1.0
    01.08.2018
    Updated the knowledge questions and procedure checklists for the unit post ASQA-audit.
    2.0
    14.12.2018
    Updated the Professional Practice Assessment and assessment mapping as part of logbook review post ASQA-audit.
Changed ‘student’ to ‘candidate’
    2.1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
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Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
Date created: 14 December 2018
Version: 2.1
Date implemented: 14 December 2018
Next review: 14 December 2021
Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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Contents
Version control and document history    2
Purpose of this Candidate Assessment Guide    4
Part A: General instructions to the candidate    4
Purpose of assessment    4
Application of the unit    4
Summary of assessment tasks and outline of evidence to be gathered    5
Assessment outcomes    7
For unit of competency    7
For assessment task    7
Re-assessment:    7
Evidence criteria used to judge the quality of performance    7
Administration, recording and reporting requirements    8
Assessor feedback    8
Candidate access to records    8
Support    8
Reasonable adjustments    9
Complaints and appeals    9
Assessor intervention    9
Plagiarism, cheating, collusion and assessment dishonesty    9
Part B: Assessment tasks    10
Competency based assessments    10
Assessment task 1 – Knowledge questions    10
Assessment task 2 – Simulation Based Assessments    29
Assessment task 3 – Professional Practice Assessment    61
End of document    75
Purpose of this Candidate Assessment Guide
This Candidate Assessment Guide provides information and instructions regarding the assessment requirements for the unit of competency HLTENN006 - Apply principles of wound management in the clinical environment.
This Candidate Assessment Guide includes information and instructions which ensure assessment is conducted in a manner that is fair, flexible, valid and reliable and evidence collected meets the rules of evidence which includes authenticity, validity, sufficiency and cu
ency.
This Candidate Assessment Guide includes two (2) parts:
· General instructions to you
· Assessment tasks
Part A: General instructions to the candidate Purpose of assessment
The assessments for this unit have been designed to ensure you are able to competently demonstrate your knowledge and skills for each of the elements, performance criteria, performance evidence, knowledge evidence, foundation skills and assessment conditions of the unit.
Application of the unit
Once competency has been achieved for this unit, you will be able to competently demonstrate skills and knowledge required to apply contemporary wound management principles to the care of various types of wounds. It involves working with the interdisciplinary health care team to contribute to assessment, treatment and ongoing management of a person’s wounds.
This includes the ability to:
· Apply protocols for wound assessment.
· Assess impact of wound on a person, family or carer.
· Contribute to planning care for a person with a wound.
· Undertake clinical nursing care in implementing wound care strategies.
· Apply contemporary wound management strategies to complex or challenging wounds.
· Assist in evaluating outcomes of nursing actions.
This unit applies to enrolled nursing work ca
ied out in consultation and collaboration with registered nurses, and under supervisory a
angements aligned to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia regulatory authority legislative requirements.
    Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
    Date created: 14 December 2018
    Version: 2.1
    Date implemented: 14 December 2018
    Next review: 14 December 2021
    Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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Summary of assessment tasks and outline of evidence to be gathered
The following three (3) assessment activities will be used to determine competency for this unit of competency.
    Assessment activity
    Assessment method and location
    Assessment due date
    Description
    Outline of evidence to be gathered
    Competency based assessments
    Knowledge Questions
    This is a written assessment that needs to be completed by candidates as part of their self-paced learning.
    
    You are required to respond in your own words to 51 questions requiring a written response in relation to a range of knowledge questions related to, but not limited to:
· Historical development of contemporary wound management strategies
· National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standard
· Acute and chronic wounds
· Primary health care principles in wound management
· Professional organisations associated with wound management
· Wound assessments
· Wound care management
· Wound care products.
    · Answers to all knowledge questions.
· You are not required to submit an Assessment Tool cover sheet for the Knowledge Questions as you will log on to Moodle to complete this assessment.
    Simulation Based Assessment
    This assessment task/s involves the demonstration of various skills in the simulated nursing
    
    You are required to demonstrate appropriate skills in a simulated nursing environment for various simulated clinical scenarios outlined in the assessment tool including:
    · Demonstration of various skills as per the tasks outlined in the Simulation Based Assessment Tool.
· The observation checklist provided for the
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Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
Date created: 14 December 2018
Version: 2.1
Date implemented: 14 December 2018
Next review: 14 December 2021
Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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    Assessment activity
    Assessment method and location
    Assessment due date
    Description
    Outline of evidence to be gathered
    
    environment at the EQUALS campus.
    
    · Wound assessment
· Wound measurement
    task will be completed by the assessor in the Candidate Assessment Tool.
· Assessment cover sheet for the assessment task with all areas duly completed by you and the assessor.
    
    
    
    · Wound dressing
    
    
    
    
    · Specimen collection
    
    
    
    
    · Documentation
    
    Professional
    This assessment task/s
    
    You will participate in Professional Placement as
    · Completed Industry Placement Logbook including attendance sheet and professional practice assessment tasks for this unit of competency.
· Assessment cover sheet for the assessment task with all areas duly completed by you and the assessor.
    Practice
    involves demonstration of
    
    part of the Diploma of Nursing. You will be required
    
    Assessment
    various skills in the
    
    to complete an Industry Placement Logbook
    
    
    professional experience
    
    throughout your placement. You will be observed in
    
    
    placement venue.
    
    the workplace ca
ying out specific skills as outlined
    
    
    
    
    in the logbook including performing wound care
    
    
    
    
    management on three (3) wounds.
    
Assessment outcomes For unit of competency:
Assessments ca
y two potential outcomes for each unit of competency level, i.e. C (Competent) and NYC (Not Yet Competent). The latter outcome requires you to undergo more training and experience or provide further evidence.
On completion of the unit, if the assessor is satisfied that you have provided appropriate evidence and satisfied all requirements necessary to meet criteria in line with the Rules of Evidence, you will be awarded C (Competent). If it is considered that you failed to meet the necessary requirements, you will be awarded NYC (Not Yet Competent) and may be reassessed in accordance with the policies and procedures of EQUALS.
To be assessed as competent for this unit, you must demonstrate a satisfactory result in all assessment activities. Final assessment results are to be recorded on the Summary of Assessment form.
For assessment task:
Tasks ca
y two assessment outcomes, i.e. S (Satisfactory) and NYS (Not Yet Satisfactory). On the individual cover sheet for assessment tasks, the assessor must mark S (Satisfactory) if you have satisfactorily completed the task, submitted all necessary evidence and met the assessment criteria. If you have not satisfactorily completed the task, the evidence is insufficient and all requirements have not been met you will be marked NYS (Not Yet Satisfactory).
Re-assessment:
If, after the first attempt, you have proved to be unsuccessful at achieving competency you will be given two further opportunities for reassessment at a mutually agreed time and date. For further details, refer to EQUALS’ Re-Assessment Policy and Course Progress Policy.
Evidence criteria used to judge the quality of performance
The evidence criteria ensure the intent of the assessment tool is met and that you are able to demonstrate you have valid, sufficient, authentic and cu
ent skills and knowledge relevant to the unit. The criteria confirm the evidence provided by you:
· Directly relates to the competency being assessed
· Is enough to allow the assessor to make a valid judgement
· Is your own work
· Shows cu
ency of the skills and knowledge required.
Evidence criteria are used by an assessor to ensure consistent outcomes when:
· Checking evidence quality (i.e. the rules of evidence)
· Judging how well you performed according to the standard expected, and
· Collating evidence from multiple sources to make an overall judgement.
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Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
Date created: 14 December 2018
Version: 2.1
Date implemented: 14 December 2018
Next review: 14 December 2021
Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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Administration, recording and reporting requirements
The assessor will securely retain, and produce in full if required at audit, all completed candidate assessment items for each candidate for a period of six months from the date on which the judgement of competence for each candidate was made. EQUALS will also retain sufficient data to be able to reissue AQF certification documentation for a period of 30 years.
Where possible assessors will retain the actual piece(s) of work completed by you. The completed evidence criteria may be sufficient where it is not possible to retain your actual work. However, EQUALS will ensure that the retained evidence has enough detail to demonstrate the judgement made of your performance against the standard required.
Assessor feedback
Each assessment tool requires an assessor to provide feedback to you, both where competency has been demonstrated and where further evidence is required. Providing feedback shows fairness in the assessment process and allows you to understand why a result was awarded.
The assessor will provide feedback to you on any assessment that you have submitted. You are responsible for retaining a copy of the feedback provided, together with your submission, throughout the course.
Candidate access to records
You have the right to access your records at any time. These will be kept cu
ent and accurate and include details of participation, attendance and results. You can access your records by logging on to Moodle or can request a copy by contacting student administration or the assessor.
Support
You can contact your assessor at mutually agreed times to seek clarification on assessment information, instructions and tasks.
Reasonable adjustments
Where appropriate, reasonable adjustments will be applied by EQUALS to take into account the individual candidate’s needs. The assessor will consider your needs in the assessment process and make reasonable adjustments to accommodate you (such as providing oral rather than written assessment). However, the assessor will ensure that this doesn’t compromise the rigour of the assessment process (e.g. if there is a requirement to complete documentation in a unit of competency, oral assessment would not be appropriate).
Examples of reasonable adjustments EQUALS might make include providing:
· Accessible class rooms
· Course material in alternate formats - electronic or large print.
· Use of laptop for assessments
· Extra time or extensions for assessments
· Alternate assessment tasks
· Ergonomic chai
desk
· Use of assistive technology
· Presenting questions orally for candidates with literacy issues
Any forms of reasonable adjustment that are utilised will be documented and retained in your file.
Complaints and appeals
Any candidate who is dissatisfied with an assessment outcome may lodge a complaint. You are encouraged to firstly approach your assessor informally and discuss the issue with them. If the matter cannot be resolved, you can make a formal complaint in writing, requesting your result be reviewed. For more information, refer to EQUALS’ Assessment Policy and the Complaints and Appeals Policy and Procedures.
Assessor intervention
The assessor will:
· Ensure you are ready for assessment and defer the assessment if this is not the case.
· Provide feedback to you at the completion of the assessment.
· Participate in role play, when required, but not interfere in any way with the assessment.
· Ensure assessment activities are not harmful to you in any way. If they might impact on your safety or that of others, the assessment will be immediately stopped.
Plagiarism, cheating, collusion and assessment dishonesty
Plagiarism, cheating and collusion are considered as serious matters. Any evidence that you have participated in plagiarism, cheating and collusion will be treated on a case by case basis. Consequences for candidates found to have engaged in these practices may include being deemed Not Yet Satisfactory for that assessment or Not Yet Competent in the unit. You may also be excluded from the course. For more information, refer to EQUALS’ Academic Misconduct Policy and Procedure.
Part B: Assessment tasks
The following pages contain the assessment tasks that you have to complete.
Competency based assessments Assessment task 1 – Knowledge questions
Context of assessment:
· This assessment needs to be conducted in your own time as part of your self-paced learning. You need to undertake the knowledge questions at home (and/or during class time, if time permits).
· You must submit the completed knowledge answers individually and plagiarism, collusion and cheating will not be tolerated.
Planning the assessment:
· Time allowed for assessment is 4 - 5 hours. This is a guide only and you may be allowed more or less time to complete assessment tasks.
· A mutually agreeable time will be set by the assessor to provide feedback to you.
· You will be advised of this knowledge questions assessment during session 1. All questions are to be answered by the designated due date.
Required resources
· Computer with internet connection to access online resources.
· Log in credentials to access the Moodle platform.
· Textbook reference:
· Coleman, K. (2016). Chapter 29: Maintaining and promoting skin integrity and wound care. In Koutoukidis, G, Stainton, K & Hughson, J. Ta
ner's nursing care. (7th ed.). Elsevier, China.
· Lewis., T. (2016). Chapter 22 – Infection prevention and control. In Koutoukidis, K. Stainton, &
J. Hughson. Ta
ner's nursing care. (7th ed.). Elsevier, China.
· Tollefson, J., Watson, G., Jelly, E. and Tam
ee, K. (2019). Essential Clinical Skills: Enrolled Nurses. 4th ed. Cengage, China.
· Website reference:
· Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (2012). NSQHS Standards fact sheet – Standard 8: Preventing and managing pressure injuries. Retrieved from https:
www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications/nsqhs-standards-fact-sheet-standard-8- preventing-and-managing-pressure-injuries
· Daunton, C., Kothari, S., Smith, L. & Steele, D. (2012). A history of materials and practices for wound management. Wound Practice and Research. 20 (4). pp. 174-186. Retrieved from https:
www.researchgate.net/publication/256492792_A_history_of_materials_and_practices_f or_wound_management
· Shah, J. B. (2011). The history of wound care. The Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists. 3 (3), pp. 65–66. Retrieved from https:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601883
· Wounds Australia (2017). Welcome to Wounds Australia. Retrieved from http:
www.woundsaustralia.com.au/home
· Wound Innovations
· Etcetera.
Evidence submission:
· The knowledge questions are required to be answered on Moodle.
· Ensure you log in to the Moodle platform using the user credential provided to you.
· Answers must be entered in the space provided for each question.
Competency assessment:
· To be deemed Satisfactory for this assessment, you must provide satisfactory answers to all knowledge questions. To authenticate the veracity of your work, the assessor will query you on the answers provided.
· You must refer to various online and on-campus resources and provide an appropriate description for each question in a well-structured paragraph and in your own words, incorporating at least three specific points for each question (or each part of the question, if there are different aspects asked in the same question) if a specific number of points is not specified. Definitions of any terminology can be provided in a sentence.
· You must analyse information on each question appropriately refe
ing to various resources and synthesise an appropriate response. You must ensure your answer addresses all aspects of the question asked and must demonstrate an in-depth understanding of theoretical knowledge and concepts.
· Any candidate not achieving a Satisfactory outcome for any question, will be allowed to repeat the question and resubmit the assessment tool through Moodle (second attempt).
· If the assessment outcome is Not Yet Satisfactory after the second attempt, any further intervention strategies will be planned in accordance with EQUALS’ Assessment Policy.
· You must use Harvard referencing style where required, e.g. when using direct quotes, although you are encouraged to keep these to a minimum. For more information, refer to EQUALS’ Style Guide available from the Student Centre in Moodle.
· You must answer questions fully and accurately while keeping within the requirements of word limits.
Reasonable adjustment provided, if applicable (to be completed by the assessor):
Knowledge questions
1. Define the following wound management terminologies in your own words (in at least a sentence each):
    Acute wound
    An acute wound is an injury to the skin that occurs instantly and suddenly rather than over time.
    Chronic wound
    Chronic wounds are considered as the wounds that fail to proceed through the normal phases of wound healing in an orderly and timely manner.
    Dermis
    Dermis is considered as the inner layer of the two main layers of the skin.
    Exudate
    Exudate is considered as the fluid that leak out of the blood vessels into nea
y tissues.
    Purulent
    Purulent is considered as drainage and also that specifies composed of pus.
    Epithelialization
    It is considered as a process of covering denuded epithelial surface.
    Granulation
    It is considered as the part of the healing process in which lumpy, pink tissues containing new connective tissues and capillaries forms around the edges of a wound.
    Erythema
    It specifies the redness of the skin that results from capillary congestion.
    Macerated
    Maceration occurs when skin is in contact with moisture for a longer period.
    Cellulitis
    Cellulitis is considered as the situation where bacteria enters a wound or area where there is no skin.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
2. Explore and
iefly describe the historical development of contemporary wound management strategies in your own words.
The historical development of the contemporary wound management strategies could be considered tremendous. As the growth is observed to be remarkable and fluent with the passing day. The approach of the wound healing has shifted from dry healing to the moist healing over the time. The wound management strategy has been changed considering the different kinds of wounds, new and distinct approach is taken in the meanwhile to ensure the healing of the wound.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
3. Explore and describe in your own words the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standard relevant to wound management. How can compliance with this Standard be ensured and monitored?
There are prominently 8 NSQHS standards which cover high prevalence adverse events, healthcare associated infections, clinical communication and many more. The NSQHS standards for wound management comes under the healthcare associated infections. The compliance with this standard could be ensured and monitored through the reviewing of the actions that could be taken in this context.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfacto
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Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
Date created: 14 December 2018
Version: 2.1
Date implemented: 14 December 2018
Next review: 14 December 2021
Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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4. Discuss various causes of internal and external wounds in your own words.
The various causes of internal wounds are due to impaired circulation, neuropathy or medical illness. Causes of external wounds are due to an outside force or trauma that causes open or closed wounds.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
5. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of fungal infections. Your answer should include:
· What it is
· How it is detected
· How it is managed – consider PPE, medications, wound dressing etcetera.
· List three (3) different types of fungal infection.
The pathogenesis of fungal disease involves an inter play between fungal virulence factors and host immune responses. The fungal infection is detected through the fungal tests. Fungal testing typically includes a microscopic examination of the sample on a slide. The fungal infections is managed through prophylaxis or empirical therapy.
Three different types of fungal infection include- jock itch, yeast infection, athlete foot.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
6. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of viruses which cause wound infections. Your answer should include:
· what it is
· how it is detected
· how it is managed
· list two (2) different types of viral infections
An infected wound is a localized defect or excavation of the skin or underlying soft issue in which the pathogenic organism have invaded into viable tissue su
ounding the wound.
The viral infection is detected through several weeks of tests. It can be potentially detected through viral DNA or RNA detection test. In most of the cases viral infections is managed through antibiotics and through strong immune system.
Two different types of viral infections include-
Human immunodeficiency virus, viral gastroenteritis.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
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Document: HLTENN006 Candidate Assessment Guide
Date created: 14 December 2018
Version: 2.1
Date implemented: 14 December 2018
Next review: 14 December 2021
Responsibility: Academic Manager (VET)
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7. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of two (2) bacteria which may can cause wound infections.
Your answer should include:
· what it is
· how it is detected
· how it is managed
· list two (2) different types of bacterial infections
The two bacteria which may cause wound infection are MRSA and Vi
io. They are the bacteria’s that are mainly responsible for causing wound infection in people. It is detected through several laboratory tests and procedures and is managed through effective antibiotic treatment and medication.
Two different type of bacterial infection include gono
hea and syphilis.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
8. What are the classifications of surgical wound? Provide two (2) examples of each of the classifications of surgical wound (Class I - IV).
The classifications of surgical wounds consists of SWC:I, clean; II, clean/ contaminated; III, contaminated and IV dirty).
EXAMPLE
Class I- hernia repair, mastectomy
Class II- hysterectomy, lobectomy
Class III- acute inflammation, non-sterile de
is in field.
Class IV- surgical management of abscess, repair of perforated bowel.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
9. Identify and
iefly describe the stages of pressure ulcers.
The four stages of the pressure ulcers include-
Stage 1 Pressure Injury- non-blanchable erythema on intact skin.
Stage 2 Pressure Injury- partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis.
Stage 3 Pressure Injury- Full-thickness skins
Stage 4- Pressure Injury- Full- thickness skin and tissue loss.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
10. What are venous ulcers? Briefly describe the risk factors for venous leg ulcers.
A venous skin ulcer is a sore on the leg that is very slow to heal usually because of weak blood circulation in the limb. The risk factor for venous leg ulcers is it can develop after a minor injury. The risk factor for venous leg ulcers include varicose veins, blockage of the lymph vessels.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
11. Research and summarize predisposing factors and diagnostic measures for arterial ulcers.
The predisposing factors for the arterial ulcers is atherosclerosis and the risk factor for its development include diabetes, age, smoking, obesity, history and sedentary lifestyle. The diagnostic measures for arterial ulcers include toe
achial index, arteriography, Buerger’s test, arterial Doppler studies and absolute toe systolic pressure.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
12. Briefly describe what mixed ulcers are.
Considering the mixed ulcers the people suffering from it have venous disease and also a significant level of arterial disease but their arterial blood supply is not yet poor enough to cause critical ischaemia.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
13. There are different types of exudates commonly seen in wounds. Identify and
iefly describe four (4) types of discharges from wounds.
The four types of discharges from wounds include serous, sanguineous, serosanguinous and purulent. Serous drainage is considered to be thin and watery. The serosanguineous fluid relates to both the blood and the liquid part of the blood. Sanguineous drainage is considered when there is any subsequent trauma is observed in the wound.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
14. Briefly explain malignant wound. List three (3) principles underpinning malignant wound management.
Malignant wounds are considered as the result of cancerous cells infiltrating the skin and its supporting blood and lymph vessels causing loss in vascularity leading to tissue death.
Three principles underpinning malignant wound management-
· Symptom management
· Wound management
· Treatment of the underlying tumo
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
15. Briefly explain the important characteristics of a neuropathic ulceration.
The important characteristics of a neuropathic ulceration includes-
· The base of the ulcer will vary based on the patient circulation from reddish to
own black.
· The wounds margin will have a well-defined punched out look.
· Su
ounding skin will often be calloused with the depth of the wound typically.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
16. What is the difference between a topical wound infection and sepsis resulting from a wound? Outline general signs of wound infection.
Topical antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection in wounds that are stitched or held together another way. Whereas sepsis occurs when chemicals released in the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammation throughout the body.
Some of the general signs of wound infection include-
· Pus or cloudy fluid.
· Pimple.
· Red streak.
· Excessive pain.
· Red area.
· Swollen node and many more.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
17. Identify and
iefly describe the classification of burns.
The burns are generally classified into 4 stages first, second, third and fourth degree depending on how deeply and severely they penetrate the skin surface. The first degrees burn affects the outer layer of skin, second degree. The second degree burn affects the epidermis and parts of the lower layer of the skin. The three degree burn destroys the epidermis and dermis and the fourth degree burn go through both the layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as the deeper tissue involving the muscles and bones.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
18. Briefly describe the strategies that are crucial in prevention and control of burn wound infection.
The strategies that are crucial and important in the prevention and control of burn wound infection includes the physical isolation of the patient in a private room, use of gloves and gowns during getting in contact with the patient. The strategies also include providing a clean and airy environment to the patient so that he could feel more comfortable.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
19. What is a fistula? Briefly describe the difference between blind and complete fistulas.
A fistula is considered as a passage way that connects to organs or vessels that do not usually connect. A blind fistula forms a tube that opens at one end and is closed at the other while the complete fistula has two openings in which one is internal and another one is external.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
20. What is a sinus? Discuss the management of discharging sinuses.
A sinus is considered as an infectious condition in which the cavities around the nasal passages become inflamed. The management of the discharging sinus implies that the treatment regimes must be based around removal or treatment of the causative factor. Discharging sinus can also be treated with dressing that encourages the granulation of the cavity and track.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
21. Briefly describe the difference between split thickness and full thickness skin grafts.
· Split thickness skin graft: a split thickness skin graft refers to a graft that contains the epidermis and portion of a dermis.
· Full thickness skin graft: the full thickness skin graft is completely different from split thickness skin graft as it consists of the epidermis and entire dermis.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
22. What are visceral wounds? Outline the major causes, management and prognosis of visceral injuries.
Visceral wounds are considered as the injuries that are specified to all the internal organs. The major cause of the visceral injury is a direct blow from blunt trauma which lead to solid organ rupture and visceral damage causing haemo
hage, peritonitis and associated pelvic injuries. The prognosis of visceral injury include several complications that is related to the internal organs.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
23. Briefly describe the principles of wound management.
The basic principle related to the management of wound include-
· Analgesia.
· Haemostasis.
· Skin closure.
· Dressing and follow up advice.
· Cleaning the wound.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
24. Briefly describe strategies that can be used in preventing pressure sores.
The strategies that are considered helpful in preventing pressure sores include re[positioning frequently to avoid stress on the skin, taking good care of the skin, maintaining good nutrition and fluid intake, managing stress and exercising daily.
Satisfactory    Not Yet Satisfactory
25. Briefly describe the action of pressure relieving devices. Provide two (2) examples each of high-tech and low-tech pressure relieving devices.
The pressure relieving devices contour around the body, spreading the weight and relieving pressure over bony areas that are at the risk of developing ulcers.
Example of high...