You are to take a set of vital signs on a new admission to the ward. Explain the steps you would undertake to prepare for assessing the blood pressure and discuss in detail the process of blood pressure measurement.
In the beginning, we should not to forget start with hand hygiene.
1 - First step to take blood pressure is to make sure that your patient is relaxed by gave them double of minutes to relax so we can get the best reading. Try to make the patient sitting upright while their upper arm position because it needs to be at the same level as their heart and their feet should be flat on the floor. In addition, we should remove patient’s clothing which may interfere with blood pressure cuff or reduce blood flow in the arm. The patient should not to talk during the reading.
2 - Then determine the pulse.
· use your fingers to locate the pulse by softly squeezing in the center of bend of the elbow to find the
achial artery. If it was hard to find it try to use stethoscope.
3 - Most the reading e
ors occur when we not the right cuff size. So we should wrap the cuff around the patient arm and we need to use the index line to locate if the arm of the patient circumference falls within the range area. otherwise, try to decide the right by larger or smaller the cuff
4 - Next, start plump the blood pressure cuff while you listen to the pulse sounds. We should inflate the blood pressure cuff until the stoping of blood flow while the blood flow stop we should’t hear any sounds through the stethoscope. We should inflate the blood pressure cuff until the measurement needle goes XXXXXXXXXXmmHG up the normal blood pressure reading. On the other words inflate it to 160 to 180 mmHg. If still we can hear the pulse sounds we need to inflate to a higher pressure.
5 - then, we should focus on Bothe the needle measure and the pulse sounds. The measure needle will go down without pulse sound in the beginning till it a
ives to a specific number. Then the first pulse sound will appear (1st Korotkoff sound).
The first pulse sound is the systolic pressure. The pulse will continue until the needle a
ive to different specific number. That number which we will listen to the last pulse sound (4th Korotkoff sound) is the diastolic pressure.
6 - while the blood pressure cuff is deflated, it should slowly deflate. The pressure must drop at 2 to 3 mmHg per second, if it drops faster it might give the wrong results.
7 - we should double check to be sure of the results. It is recommend that we take readings with both arms and averaging the reading to be more sure. For accuracy we should wait couple of minutes before take the reading again. Usually, in morning the blood pressure being high while in the evening low. If we found that the results of blood pressure is a concern or suspect the white coat hypertension, we should do a 24 hours study of blood pressure so we can assess the patient's overall blood pressure.
8 - normal blood pressure range is 120/80 mmHg and XXXXXXXXXX/80 mmHg is elevated. In addition, XXXXXXXXXX/80-89 mmHg is noun as stage 1 of hypertension while stage 2 of hypertension is ≥140/≥90 mmHg
In the end, do not forget the hand hygiene.
Your new admission has had issues with his urine. Describe in detail TEN (10) common urinary findings associated with the kidneys or urinary collecting system.
There are many cases that can impact the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder such as disease, infections, or any issues that may appear as you get older. Some common problem of urinary:
1 - Frequency urine, definition as the need of urinate a lot of times during the day at normal or abnormal volume. It occur when people urinate more than 7 times at 24 hours. Example of why that happen, Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is the most spreadable type of infection in the urinary system. UTI can impact any organ of the urinary system including the bladder, ureters, kidneys and urethra. The most observed symptoms are urinating more than usual, feeling some pain while urinating and facing pain in the lower back or the side. Antibiotic is the suitable Urinary Tract Infections treatment.
2 - That example also includes “Dysuria” which is the feeling of pain that comes with the urine when it is coming out. Usually, it’s a feeling of burning. As we can see it’s common with bacteria infections.
3 - weak urine stream is when urine come out in hard way and with less amount. As an example of why it’s happen. Structural issues, some people born with birth defects which may impact the urinary system. Piling up the urine in the kidney might be one of the reasons for abnormalities that cause infections. In addition, a bladder prolapse may happen after pregnancy. Structural problems often need surgery to treat them.
4 - Difficulty emptying bladder.
Kidney stones might occurs when waste gathers in the urine. It may cause hard pain and prevent the flow of urine.
5 - Involuntary loss of urine is a noun as the leakage of urine. That means when someone urinates without wanting to. Loss control of bladder (leakage), leads to leak a lot or a little of urine. Usually happen in women, often after pregnancy. It could be very bad when laugh, cough, jump or sneeze. Medication could help with this issue.
6 - Difficulty starting urination is when the person found urinating is hard in the beginning. Urinary tract obstruction, cancerous tumors in the abdomen may impact the flow of urine. In men, an enlarged prostate can prevent the ureter which makes it hard to urinate.
7 - The problem of the colour of urine, is when the urine color being unusual. The normal range of urine color is pale yellow - deep amber. These colors are the result of pigment name Urochrome. Urine color change depending on the amount of water a person drinks.
8 - The hematuria is when the urine coming out with blood. It occurs when any part of the urinary track or the kidneys make the blood cells leak into urine because of disorder. Leakage may happen because of many problems such as urinary track infections. When the bacteria goes inside the body through urethra and reproduce in the bladder.
9 - Urinary urgency is urge of urinate that come suddenly. It is also one of the urinary tract infection (UTI) causes. It may have different cause. The reason might relevant to the nerves that control the bladder or overactive bladder.
10 - Nocturia or passing urine overnight is the case that people waking up at night to urinate two times each night. These case is a common case among people over 60 years old.
Define constipation and discuss actions that can be taken to prevent constipation
Constipation occurs when the bowel movement of a person is affected in a way that the bowl movements become infrequent and passes hardly. Three bowel movements per day to three bowel movements per week are considered normal in adults and for babies it is around three or four bowel movements in a day. Symptoms that are commonly observed in the condition of constipation are pain in the abdomen, bloating, and the person may feel that the bowel has not passed completely. Constipation can lead to complications such as hemo
hoid, fecal impaction or anal fissure.
The causes of constipation can be various; however, the common ones are as follows, slow stool movement in the colon, i
itable bowel syndrome, and pelvic floor disorders. Radical maladies may incorporate inflammatory bowel disease, non- celiac gluten sensitivity, diverticulitis, and hypothyroidism and so on. The following are the medications that are associated with the condition of constipation: opioids, antacids, calcium channel blockers and anticholinergics.
The underlying causes and the duration the person has been suffering from constipation dictates how the treatment of the patient is to be done. Some preventive measures and measures for cure include drinking sufficient fluids, eating adequate fibers, and proper exercise. In case the above measures do not suffice in helping the situation the patient may be recommended laxatives of bulk forming agent, stool softeners, or lu
icant type. When the other types of laxatives prove ineffective, stimulant laxatives are used. Some other treatments include biofeedback or surgery.
Prevention of constipation is usually easier than its treatment. It is recommended to intake adequate fluids, high fiber diet and does adequate physical exercise following a relief from constipation.
Very few numbers of causes of constipation is required to be met with medical intervention, which may be resulting in severe consequences otherwise. The underlying cause is of focus in the treatment of constipation. The National Institute of Health, Care, and Excellence (NICE) categorize constipation observed within adults into the following types-Chronic constipation for an unknown reason and constipation because of opiates.
The main treatment of constipation due to unknown reason includes drinking of more water as well as fiber (either through high fiber diets or through food supplements). Regular laxatives usage is prohibited since the bowel movement begins to start being more and more reliant on their use. To provide a mechanical simulation the use of enemas can be recommended. The first line of treatment for chronic constipation consists of soluble fiber supplements that include psyllium as compared to the wheat
an and other such insoluble fibers. Patients having opiate induced constipation may less likely gain any benefits from fiber supplements. The fiber supplements have some side effects, which include flatulence, dia
hea malabsorption of iron, calcium.
Constipation, which cannot be cured through the previously mentioned measures, needs to have physical intervention through manual disimpaction, which involves the extraction of impacted excretion by use of arms. Surgical procedures can be performed in refractory cases for relief from constipation. Sacral nerve stimulation, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and so on are the interventions performed which has been effective in minority of cases.
You are to take a set of vital signs on a new admission to the ward. Explain the steps you would undertake to prepare for assessing the blood pressure and discuss in detail the process of blood pressure measurement.
In the beginning, we should not to forget start with hand hygiene.
1 - First step to take blood pressure is to make sure that your patient is relaxed by gave them double of minutes to relax so we can get the best reading. Try to make the patient sitting upright while their upper arm position because it needs to be at the same level as their heart and their feet should be flat on the floor.