Solution
Vidya answered on
Oct 17 2021
ASA
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
Generic Name: Acetyl Salicylic Acid
Expected Pharmacological Action: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) blocks prostaglandin synthesis. It is non-selective for COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Inhibition of COX-1 results in the inhibition of platelet aggregation for about 7-10 days (average platelet lifespan). The acetyl group of acetylsalicylic acid binds with a serine residue of the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme, leading to i
eversible inhibition. This prevents the production of pain-causing prostaglandins. This process also stops the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation can result in clots and harmful venous and arterial thromboembolism, leading to conditions such as pulmonary embolism and stroke.
Usual Dose: 3 g orally per day in divided doses
Usual routes: Oral
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Gastrointestinal ulceration
2. Abdominal Pain
3. Cramping
1. Pain
2. Feve
3. Inflammation
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Take the medicine after a meal with plenty of wate
Abdominal Pain
Take the medicine after a meal with plenty of wate
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Alcohol should be avoided as it will increase the chances of gastrointestinal bleeding.
The concu
ent use of anti-hypertensive drugs should be monitored as the BP lowering effect will be decreased.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
The physician should be notified if the patient is already taking anti-hypertensives.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Avoid spicy foods and caffeinated beverages while undergoing the treatment.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00945
Acetaminophen
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Antipyretic, Analgesic
Generic Name: Acetaminophen
Expected Pharmacological Action: It is thought to exert central actions which ultimately lead to the alleviation of pain symptoms. Acetaminophen increases the pain threshold by inhibiting two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, which are involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Prostaglandins are responsible for eliciting pain sensations.
Usual Dose: 650 mg once every 4-6 hours; not to exceed 3.25 g in 24 hours; under supervision of healthcare professional, doses of up to 4 g/day may be used.
Usual routes: Oral, IV, IM
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Liver toxicity
2. Thrombocytopenia
1. Feve
2. Pain
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Liver toxicity
The continued consumption of medication should be monitored and reported to the concerned physician.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Should not be given along with Aceclofenac as the side effects may increase.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
The liver function test should be performed, if the medication is been taken for a longer course.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Avoid the consumption of alcohol while in the treatment.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00316
Ibuprofen
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Non- Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
Generic Name: Ibuprofen
Expected Pharmacological Action: The exact mechanism of action of ibuprofen is unknown. However, ibuprofen is considered an NSAID and thus it is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme involved in prostaglandin (mediators of pain and fever) and thromboxane (stimulators of blood clotting) synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway.
Usual Dose: 400 milligrams (mg) every four to six hours, as needed.
Usual routes: Oral
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Abdominal pain
2. Lethargy
3. Drowsiness
1. Pain
2. Feve
3. Inflammation
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Abdominal pain
The medicine should be taken after meals with plenty of water.
Lethargy
Avoid mobility if lethargy is seen.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
The effect of anticoagulants will be decreased if taken along with Ibuprofen.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Take the medicine along with food (or) after meals.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Avoid the consumption of alcohol. Consume lot of fresh fruits and fluids.
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01050
Oxycodone
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Opioid Analgesic
Generic Name: Oxycodone
Expected Pharmacological Action: Under conditions of inflammation or hyperalgesia, opioid receptors in the heart, lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive system are upregulated and transported to nerve terminals. Oxycodone and its active metabolites, noroxycodone, oxymorphone, and noroxymorphone are opioid agonists. These compounds passively diffuse across the blood
ain ba
ier or may be actively transported across by an unknown mechanism. Oxycodone and its active metabolites can selectively bind to the mu opioid receptor, but also the kappa and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, and induce a G protein coupled receptor signalling pathway. Activation of mu opioid receptors inhibits N-type voltage operated calcium channels, inhibiting responses to pain.
Usual Dose: 5 mg, 4-6 hourly, to a maximum dose of 400mg
Usual routes: Oral, IV, Sub-cutaneous
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Respiratory Depression
2. Sleepiness
1. Severe pain
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Respiratory Depression
The overdose of Oxycodone is indicative in this case, hence immediate care should be given.
Constricted pupils
The overdose of Oxycodone is indicative in this case, hence immediate care should be given.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
The risk or severity of hypotension and CNS depression can be increased when Acetophenazine is combined with Oxycodone.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Using methadone with other opioids is extremely dangerous. For instance, a methadone and oxycodone interaction can increase the risk of respiratory depression, hypotension, coma, overdose and death. The same is true for mixing methadone and hydrocodone, heroin or any other known opiates.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Take appropriate rest while in medication course. Consume a healthy diet.
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00497
Narcan
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Opioid Antagonist
Generic Name: Naloxone
Expected Pharmacological Action: While the mechanism of action of naloxone is not fully understood, the preponderance of evidence suggests that naloxone antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the mu-opioid receptor. Recently, naloxone has been shown to bind all three opioid receptors (mu, kappa and gamma) but the strongest binding is to the mu receptor.
Usual Dose: 0.4 mg to 2 mg
Usual routes: IV, IM, Sub-cutaneous
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Stomach cramps
2. Sneezing
3. Increased Blood Pressure
1. Narcotic depression
2. Adjunct agent to increase blood pressure in the management of septic shock
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Increased Blood pressure
In case of sudden rise in blood pressure, the administration should be immediately stopped and alternative choice should be considered.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Naloxone may increase the excretion rate of Acetazolamide which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Take separate from meals. When formulated as a buccal film or sublingual form, avoid eating or drinking until the film has completely dissolved.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Low salt intake should be initiated in the diet. Avoid the consumption of caffeinated food items.
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01183
Epinephrine
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Hormone,Neurotransmitte
Generic Name: Adrenaline
Expected Pharmacological Action: Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta receptors and is the strongest alpha receptor activator . Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine minimizes the vasodilation and increased the vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can cause the loss of intravascular fluid volume as well as hypotension. Epinephrine relaxes the smooth muscle of the
onchi and iris and is a histamine antagonist, rendering it useful in treating the manifestations of allergic reactions and associated conditions. This drug also produces an increase in blood sugar and increases glycogenolysis in the liver. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine leads to
onchial smooth muscle relaxation that helps to relieve
onchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis.
Usual Dose: -IV: 0.5 to 1 mg (5 to 10 mL) IV once; during resuscitation effort, 0.5 mg (5 mL) should be given IV every 5 minutes
-Intracardiac: 0.3 to 0.5 mg (3 to 5 mL) via intracardiac injection into left ventricular chamber once
-Endotracheal: 0.5 to 1 mg (5 mL to 10 mL) via endotracheal tube directly into
onchial tree once
Usual routes: IV, Intracardiac, Endotracheal
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Fast heartbeat
2. Headache
3. Generalized weakness
1. Allergic reaction
2. Restoration of cardiac rhythm
3. Respiratory distress
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Fast heartbeat
Increased heartbeat should be immediately reported to the physician and appropriate care to be done immediately
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
The risk or severity of Cardiac A
hythmia can be increased when Epinephrine is combined with Acetazolamide.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Epinephrine injection comes as a prefilled automatic injection device containing a solution (liquid) and in vials to inject subcutaneously (under the skin) or intramuscularly (into the muscle). It is usually injected as needed at the first sign of a serious allergic reaction
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Follow a healthy diet. Stay in stress free environment.
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00668
Cyanocobalamin
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Essential Vitamin
Generic Name: Vitamin B12
Expected Pharmacological Action: Vitamin B12 serves as a cofactor for methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase enzymes. Methionine synthase is essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines that form DNA. L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the degradation of propionate, an important reaction required for both fat and protein metabolism. It is a lack of vitamin B12 cofactor in the above reaction and the resulting accumulation of methylmalonyl CoA that is believed to be responsible for the neurological manifestations of B12 deficiency. Succinyl-CoA is also necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
Usual Dose: 25 to 2000 mcg orally daily
Usual routes: Oral, IV, IM, Sub-cutaneous
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Injection site reactions
2. Dia
hoea
3. Drowsiness
1. Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Injection site reactions
The antibiotic therapy should be started with the low doses.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Cyanocobalamin which could result in a higher serum level.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Cyanocobalamin is usually administered by IM or deep subcutaneous injection. If the drug is administered subcutaneously, care should be taken to avoid injection into the dermis or upper subcutaneous tissue. Because the drug is excreted more rapidly after IV injection, the IV route should be avoided.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Consume vitamin rich diet including fresh fruits and vegetables.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00115
Folic Acid
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Essential co-factor for enzymes
Generic Name: Vitamin B9
Expected Pharmacological Action: Folic acid, as it is biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). These folic acid congeners are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids, methylate tRNA, and generate and use formate. Using vitamin B12 as a cofactor, folic acid can normalize high homocysteine levels by remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthetase.
Usual Dose: 1 mg daily
Usual routes: IV, IM, Oral, Subcutaneous
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Skin reactions
2. Flatulence
3. Abdominal cramps
1. Folic acid deficiency
2. Megaloblastic anaemia
3. Anaemia of nutrition origin
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
No serious adverse effects noticed.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Taking folic acid with fosphenytoin (Cerebyx), phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) or primidone (Mysoline) might decrease the drug's concentration in your blood. Ba
iturates. Taking folic acid with a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant (ba
iturate) might decrease the drug's effectiveness.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
No particular comment.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Vitamin rich diet should be consumed.
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00158
Vitamin A, D, E, K
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Vitamins
Generic Name: Retinol, Calciferol, Tocopherol, phytonadione
Expected Pharmacological Action: These vitamins are required for the metabolic facilitation, body development and proper functioning of the body systems.
Usual routes: Oral, IV, IM
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Dark stools
2. Dia
hoea
1. Vitamin deficiency
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Nil
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
No major interactions.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
No major comments.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Reference : https:
go.drugbank.com/unearth/q?utf8=%E2%9C%93&searcher=drugs&query=multivitamin
Vitamin C
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Vitamin
Generic Name: Asco
ic Acid
Expected Pharmacological Action:
In humans, an exogenous source of asco
ic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Asco
ic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroasco
ic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, ca
ohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration.
Usual Dose: 1mg daily
Usual routes: Oral, IV, IM
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Loose stools
2. Stomach upset
3. Abdominal pain
1. Vitamin c deficiency
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Nil
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Limited evidence suggests that asco
ic acid (vitamin c) may influence the intensity and duration of action of bishydroxycoumarin.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Diabetics, patients prone to recu
ent renal calculi, those undergoing stool occult blood tests, and those on sodium-restricted diets or anticoagulant therapy should not take excessive doses of vitamin C over an extended period of time.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Follow a healthy diet.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00126
Fe
ous Sulphate
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Vitamin
Generic Name: Fe
ous sulphate
Expected Pharmacological Action: Iron is required to maintain optimal health, particularly for helping to form red blood cells (RBC) that ca
y oxygen around the body. A deficiency in iron indicates that the body cannot produce enough normal red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when body stores of iron decrease to very low levels, and the stored iron is insufficient to support normal red blood cell (RBC) production. Insufficient dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, pregnancy, or loss of iron through the urine can lead to iron deficiency.
Usual Dose: 600 mg/day fe
ous sulfate (120 mg/day elemental iron) for 3 months
Usual routes: Oral, IV
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Constipation
2. Stomach cramps
3. Dia
hoea
1. Iron deficiency anaemia
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Stomach cramps
The physician should be informed if the problem persists.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
· Avoid milk and dairy products. Take fe
ous sulfate at least 2 hours before or after milk.
· Limit caffeine intake. Food and beverages containing caffeine may reduce iron absorption.
· Take at least 2 hours before or after calcium supplements.
· Take separate from antacids. Take fe
ous sulfate at least 2 hours before or after antacids.
· Take with food. This may reduce gastric i
itation.
· Take with foods containing vitamin C. Foods rich in vitamin C increase the absorption of iron.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Take fe
ous sulfate on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Avoid taking antacids or antibiotics within 2 hours before or after taking fe
ous sulfate . Take this medication with a full glass of water. Do not crush, chew,
eak, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Take fe
ous sulfate on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Avoid taking antacids or antibiotics within 2 hours before or after taking fe
ous sulfate . Take this medication with a full glass of water. Do not crush, chew,
eak, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00126
Potassium chloride
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Electrolyte replenishe
Generic Name: Potassium chloride
Expected Pharmacological Action:
Supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels.
Usual Dose: Oral: 40 to 100 mEq per day, orally, in 2 to 5 divided doses. Maximum single dose: 20 mEq per dose.
Usual routes: Oral
Therapeutic Uses: Expected Common Adverse Effects:
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Dia
hoea
1. Hypokalemia
Adverse Effects Requiring Nursing Action:
Adverse Effect
Action: Prevention/Assessment/Intervention
Dia
hoea
The problem should be considered if it persists.
Likely Medication/Food Interactions:
Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium chloride which could result in a higher serum level.
Administration/Interventions/Evaluation of Effectiveness/Laboratory Work
Assess for signs and symptoms of hypokalemia (weakness, fatigue, U wave on ECG, a
hythmias, polyuria, polydipsia) and hyperkalemia. Lab Test Considerations: Monitor serum potassium before and periodically during therapy. Monitor renal function, serum bica
onate, and pH.
Patient Education: What will the safe nurse teach the client to DO or expect or report
Stay hydrated by increasing the fluid intake.
Reference: https:
go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00761
Magnesium
Drug Card Template Student Name:
Classification: Mineral
Generic Name: Magnesium
Expected Pharmacological Action: Magnesium is a cofactor for at least 300 enzymes and is important for several functions in the body with some key processes identified below. Enzymes that rely on magnesium to operate help produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and ATP metabolism. They are also involved in nerve function, muscle contraction, blood glucose control, hormone receptor binding, protein synthesis, cardiac excitability, blood pressure control, gating of calcium channels and transmem
ane ion flux.
The mitochondrial intracellular space is rich in magnesium, since it is required to produce the active form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, and behaves as a counter ion for the energy rich molecule. Additionally, magnesium is essential for ATP metabolism.
Usual Dose: 350 mg/day
Usual routes: IV, IM
Therapeutic...