Clinical Update Semester 1 2020

Clinical updates are concise articles designed for educational...

Question

Clinical Update Semester 1 2020 
 
Clinical updates are concise articles designed for educational purposes on clinical issues that 
relate to practice. You can find some examples of clinical updates in the “My Assessments” folder. 
Please note these are examples only and may not meet all the requirements of this assignment. 
There are also some examples of previous student papers that received a HD. 
 
This assignment is a 2000 word clinical update on one of the topics below.  
 
Due date is Week 10, 0900hrs Monday, May 4th 2019 via Turnitin. 
 
Topics: 
 
Topic Points to consider 
Alzheimer’s Aetiology, pathophysiology and incidence world / national    
Diagnostic methods/tests 
Clinical course and prognosis 
Treatment options 
Public health implications  
Tuberculosis  Aetiology, pathophysiology and incidence world / national     
Diagnostic methods/tests 
Clinical course and prognosis 
Treatment options 
Public health implications 
Chronic Heart 
Failure 
Aetiology, pathophysiology and incidence world / national     
Diagnostic methods/tests 
Clinical course and prognosis 
Treatment options 
Public health implications 
Osteoporosis  Aetiology, pathophysiology and incidence world / national     
Diagnostic methods/tests 
Clinical course and prognosis 
Treatment options 
Public health implications 
 
 
When you submit your clinical update to Turnitin, please use the link provided in Blackboard.  Late 
submissions will be submitted through the Late Submission link provided in Blackboard. 
When you submit your file, please ensure your “Submission Title” on the Submit Turnitin 
Assignment page contains the topic title, eg.“Chronic Heart Failure” or “Tuberculosis”.  Nothing 
else is required for the title. Please also ensure you get a receipt; no receipt means it is not 
submitted.
The format of your clinical update and any innovative ideas you use to present your topic is your 
choice, but you must include: 
 
• Introduction: Provide epidemiological data to illustrate relevant the topic is (Australia and 
worldwide), definition/explanation about the nature of the condition/disease process, objectives 
and scope and structure of your paper. A good introduction will get the reader’s interest. 
• Aetiology & pathogenesis: 
➢ Causes of the disease and risk factors  
➢ Explanation of anatomy/physiology where appropriate 
➢ Pathogenesis, i.e. how the disease progresses and complications 
➢ Implications for public health 
• Clinical manifestations: Explain the signs and symptoms.  
• Diagnostic process: Provide information on a comprehensive diagnostic work-up with 
rationales  
• Treatment: 
➢ Implications for pharmacological management (types, action, dosage, side effects)  
➢ Non-pharmacological treatment options  
➢ Health promotion 
➢ Provide rationales for your treatment options, based on the literature 
• Conclusion: This should include a summary of the most relevant points for the practice 
of a registered nurse. Do not introduce new material. This could be summarised as bullet 
points. 
 
General points: 
 
Please follow the SNM Guide to Assignment Presentation and Submission 
• Only submit via TurnItIn, no hardcopy required. Don’t forget to keep your submission receipt, if 
you have no receipt the submission has not been finalised.  
• This assignment is all about the process of researching a topic and being able to articulate your 
findings in a comprehensive and logical sequence using appropriate professional language.  
• Make sure you use approved abbreviations and write in the third person. 
• Graphs, figures, tables and flow charts are a great way of illustrating and summarising key 
points. Check the SNM Assignment Presentation and Submission guidelines on how to number 
and name these correctly. 
• Your clinical update should facilitate peer learning: use an appropriate language level 
suitable for RNs, not mums and dads! Ensure that content is relevant to nursing practice, i.e. 
sufficient depth of information but not too detailed.  Assume some knowledge as you are 
addressing RNs, e.g. no need to explain the anatomy of the heart or medical terminology. 
• Support your discussion with relevant and recent literature and websites. Use peer-reviewed 
articles, evidence based research and best practice guidelines (Australian and international if 
relevant, e.g. WHO).  Do not use public access medical websites designed for non-health 
professionals, eg. eMedicine, MayoClinic, BetterHealthChannel, GPNotes,etc. 
• Read the marking criteria of the rubric; it is a good guide for how much emphasis needs to be 
placed on each section.  
• Although the general content of the assignment is like the example clinical update articles, the 
formatting is still according to the SNM Presentation and Submission guidelines with regards to 
layout (font, spacing, margins) and referencing.  
 
Marking criteria: 
 
Below you will find two tables: The first is the SNM generic marking rubric, the second is an 
interpretation of that rubric to help you recognise which areas are important.  
 
The column on the left in table 2 is the high distinction column from the generic rubric (table 1). The 
column on the right shows you what elements you need in order to get full marks. The points in 
brackets show you how those elements are weighted, e.g. the introduction can get up to 5 points, 
whereas the section on treatment can achieve 20. Naturally elements with more points require 
more words/paragraphs. 
 
https://blackboard.ecu.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_39271_1&content_id=_4867200_1&mode=reset
https://blackboard.ecu.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_39271_1&content_id=_4867200_1&mode=reset
Table 1: Marking rubric 
 Well Below Average (80%) 
C
o
n
te
n
t 
Does not address assessment 
item. No evidence to support 
main ideas. Unable to 
demonstrate an understanding of 
the main ideas or concepts. No 
credible sources used to support 
main ideas. 
Does not or poorly addresses 
assessment item. Insufficient evidence 
to support main ideas. Unable to or 
poorly demonstrates an understanding 
of the main ideas or concepts. Ideas are 
not relevant to the topic. Limited 
referencing to support ideas. 
Assessment item addressed at a 
superficial level. Minimal evidence to 
support main ideas. Able to demonstrate 
an understanding of the main concepts 
at a basic level. Some ideas presented 
have relevance to the topic. 
Most parts of the assessment item 
addressed at a satisfactory level and 
supported by adequate evidence. Able 
to demonstrate an understanding of 
the main concepts. Most ideas 
presented have relevance to the topic. 
All parts of the assessment item 
addressed at a good level and 
supported by quality evidence. Able to 
demonstrate a solid understanding of 
the main concepts. Most ideas 
presented have relevance to the topic. 
Content fully addresses all parts of the 
assessment item. Thorough exploration of 
concepts and well-formed ideas, supported 
by high quality evidence. Able to 
demonstrate an in-depth understanding of 
the main concepts. All ideas presented 
have relevance to the topic. 
0-13 14 -
27 
 XXXXXXXXXX-55 
A
p
p
lic
a
ti
o
n
 o
f 
C
ri
ti
ca
l T
h
in
ki
n
g 
Does not demonstrate critical 
thinking appropriate to 
required level. No application 
of professional practice and/or 
evidence based thinking to 
assessment item. 
Poorly demonstrates critical thinking 
appropriate to required level. Poor 
application of professional practice 
and/or evidence based thinking to 
assessment item. 
Limited demonstration of critical 
thinking appropriate to level of 
education. Limited application of 
professional practice and/or 
evidence based thinking to 
assessment item. 
Demonstration of critical thinking 
appropriate to level of education. 
Application of professional practice 
and/or evidence based thinking to 
assessment item. 
Very good demonstration of 
critical thinking appropriate to 
level of education. Very good 
application of professional 
practice and/or evidence based 
thinking to assessment item. 
Excellent demonstration of critical 
thinking appropriate to level of 
education. Excellent application of 
professional practice and/or evidence 
base to practice in assessment. 
0-3 4 – XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX – 15  
St
ru
ct
u
re
 a
n
d
 
P
re
se
n
ta
ti
o
n
 
The assignment does not 
conform to the structure of the 
assessment item. No 
introduction to the 
assessment. Poor or non- 
existent paragraphing. No 
logical/cohesive development 
of ideas. No summation of key 
points in conclusion. 
Does not comply with ECU 
SNM Assignment Writing 
Guidelines. 
Limited aspects conform to the 
structure of the assessment item. Poor 
introduction to the assessment. Limited 
paragraphing. Omits or poor summation 
of key points in conclusion. 
Poorly complies with ECU SNM 
Assignment Writing Guidelines. Does 
not follow specific assignment 
instructions as per Unit Semester Plan 
Some aspects conform to the 
structure of the assessment item 
ECU SNM Assignment Writing 
Guidelines. Limited introduction of 
topic and summation of key points in 
conclusion. Minimal paragraphing, 
and logical/cohesive development of 
ideas. 
Complies with ECU SNM Assignment 
Writing Guidelines. Follows specific 
assignment instructions as per Unit 
Semester Plan. Introduction 
adequately introduces topic and 
summarises key points in conclusion. 
Paragraphing is evident, and there is 
a logical/cohesive development of 
ideas in some of the assessment 
item. 
Complies with ECU SNM 
Assignment Writing Guidelines to 
a very high standard. Follows 
specific assignment instructions as 
per Unit Semester Plan completely. 
Very good introduction of topic and 
summation of key points in the 
conclusion that reflects the 
student’s position and provides 
clear insights into the issue. Very 
good paragraphing, and 
logical/cohesive development of 
ideas in most of assessment item. 
Complies with ECU SNM Assignment 
Writing Guidelines to an excellent 
standard. Follows all specific 
assignment instructions as per Unit 
Semester Plan. Excellent introduction 
of topic and strong summation of key 
points in the conclusion that reflects the 
student’s position and provides clear 
insights into the issue. Excellent 
paragraphing and logical/cohesive 
development of ideas throughout. 
 XXXXXXXXXX 
R
ef
e
re
n
ci
n
g 
Referencing does not follow 
instructions in the ECU 
Referencing Guide. In text and/or 
end-text referencing has multiple 
errors

Olivia · Accepted Answer

Running Head: CLINICAL UPDATE						   	          1
CLINICAL UPDATE						 		          	         2
	
CLINICAL UPDATE ON CHRONIC HEART DISEASE
Table of Contents
Background of the incidence of Chronic Heart failures in Australia and around the world:	3
Aetiology & pathogenesis:	4
Causes of the disease and risk factors of Chronic Heart disease	4
Physiology of Chronic Heart Failure	5
Pathogenesis of Chronic Heart Failure	5
Implications for public health for Chronic Heart Failure	6
Clinical manifestations	7
Diagnostic process:	7
Treatment:	8
Implications for pharmacological management (types, action, dosage, side effects)	8
Non-pharmacological treatment options	9
Health promotion	9
Conclusion:	9
References	11
Background of the incidence of Chronic Heart failures in Australia and around the world: 
The chronic nature of Heart diseases is a significant load on the disease burden in both Australia and worldwide (McMurray & Stewart, 2012) with just over 50 to 70 % of people dying because of chronic heart failure (Hobbs, Roalfe, Davis, Davies & Hare, 2017). Globally estimates reveal that almost 3 to 4 % of the healthcare funds in most of the countries are dedicated to Chronic Heart Diseases (Ponikowski et al., 2014). The incidence of the diseases related to heart can vary from 3 to 4 % globally and even rise to 10 % in the more developed countries of the world, especially for the aged population that is above the age of 75 (McMurray & Stewart, 2002; Ponikowski et al., 2014). This global; epidemic has an estimate of affecting over 37.7 million people around the world every year (Bui, Horwich & Fonarow, 2012).
In Australia, the disease burden of cardiac of cardiovascular heart diseases is even more. In 2015, the burden of diseases relating to chronic heart failures and accounted for over 14% of the total population suffering from CVD (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare - Cardiovascular disease, 2019). In the remote and rural places, it was often thought to lead to about 30 % of hospitalizations. The incidence of chronic heart diseases was also a major factor in the life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. A total estimate of 1.2 billion people suffered from chronic heart diseases in the year 2018 according to the “2017–18 National Health Survey” (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018).
The major reasons of the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease are mainly due to the lifestyle followed by the adults. Higher intake of fatty foods and less exercise followed by a large amount of alcohol consumption and smoking are all related to the occurrences of cardiovascular disorders especially in Australia (Ziaeian & Fonarow, 2016). Although such diseases can be both genetic also known as congenital heart diseases and spontaneous heart diseases, chronic heart disease occurs by a combination of (Sahle, Owen, Mutowo, Krum, & Reid, 2016). These risk factors make the population highly susceptible to heart failures resulting in death just after 5 years of diagnosis (Yusuf, Rangarajan, Teo, Islam, & Yu, 2014). Morbidity rates are even more for people above the age of 55.
Aetiology & pathogenesis: 
Causes of the disease and risk factors of Chronic Heart disease
	Different types of cardiac complications, health issues in heredity and systemic diseases contribute significantly in HF. Patients with HF can have mixed aetiologies, which are not mutually exclusive, and HF aetiologies vary considerably between high-income and developing countries (Yusuf, Rangarajan, Teo, Islam, & Yu, 2014). HF has an estimated 17 primary aetiologies, as determined by the Global Burden of Disease Study (Hawkins, Petrie, Jhund, Chalmers & McMurray, 2019). More than 66% all registered cases of HF are affected by the following conditions: ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertensive heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease. Although the Global Burden of Disease Study aims to approximate the burden of right-sided HF from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Savarese & Lund, 2017), studies estimating the prevalence of right-sided HF are limited and require further study (Hawkins, Petrie, Jhund, Chalmers & McMurray, 2019). High-income regions are disproportionally affected by ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with low-income regions (Baldesseroni et al., 2012), which in turn are primarily affected by hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis (Vos, Flaxman, Naghavi, Lozano & Abraham, 2012). The assessment and management of cardiovascular risk around the world requires the tailoring of policies to population-specific risks and underlying aetiologies (Zhao, Liu, Xie, & Qi, 2015).
Physiology of Chronic Heart Failure 
The incident failure of normal heart functions is mainly due to the reduced cardiac output with the subsequent increase in venous pressure. The underlying mechanisms include several molecular and cellular changes that have lead to the loss of function of the cardiac heart muscles. The nuero humoral responses in the human body have its own mechanisms of regulating the lowered cardiac output. These responses are made of three basic functioning (Savarese & Lund, 2017). These include:
(1) A hemodynamic defense reaction, which maintains perfusion pressure in the major organs by increasing circulating blood volume, inducing vasoconstriction and stimulating the heart; 
(2) An inflammatory response (in which the body organs act as if they were facing an exogenous agent),

Clinical Update Semester 1 2020 Clinical updates are concise articles designed for educational purposes on clinical issues that relate to practice. You can find some examples of clinical updates in...

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