Choose either hypertension or COPD. Discuss at least three symptoms caused by physiologic changes...

Question

Choose either hypertension or COPD. Discuss at least three symptoms caused by physiologic changes and consequences of the disease and how pharmaceutical treatments are designed to alleviate those symptoms. What are the risks and benefits of these treatments? What patient education is needed?

Sumayya K. · Accepted Answer

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE  PULMONARY DISEASE
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterised by progressive airflow limitation is worsened by exacerbations and comorbidities.
Symptoms 
The inflammatory responses of COPD obliterate the bronchioles causing airflow limitation. Inflammation-induced thrombosis along with collagen deposition leads to vasoconstriction, aggravated by pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Also, endothelial dysfunction reduces the ability of vasodilation. (Berg and Wright, 2016) 
These physiological changes are expressed as dyspnea, easy fatigue, chest tightness and increased respiratory infections (Wu, 2017).  
Treatment
Long-acting bronchodilators (LABAs or LAMAs) are considered the first-line treatment based on severity. A combination of LABAs/LAMAs improve pulmonary function, decrease dyspnea and exacerbations. In severe cases, triple therapy by including inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) is recommended (Fernandes et. al., 2017). Continuous LABA treatment trigger cardiovascular conditions, while LAMAs cause dry mouth, GI disturbances and renal impairments. (Alagha, 2014).

Choose either hypertension or COPD. Discuss at least three symptoms caused by physiologic changes and consequences of the disease and how pharmaceutical treatments are designed to alleviate those...

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