Chapter1What are the vernal and autumnal equinoxes? What are the summer and winter solstices? How...

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Chapter1What are the vernal and autumnal equinoxes? What are the summer and winter solstices? How are these four points related to the ecliptic and the celestial equator?How is an annular eclipse of the Sun different from a total eclipse of the Sun? What causes this difference?Chapter 2How did Copernicus explain the retrograde motions of the planets?Why was the discovery of Neptune a major confirmation of Newton’s universal law of gravitation?Chapter 3Describe reflection and refraction. How do these processes enable astronomers to build telescopes?Explain some of the advantages of reflecting telescopes over refracting telescopesChapter4What color will an interstellar gas cloud composed of hydrogen glow, and why?Explain why the Doppler shift tells us only about the motion directly along the line of sight between a light source and an observer, but not about motion across the celestial sphere.answer questions in attach file.from the book see below linkhttps://skydrive.live.com/?cid=b66de4d9c3a64c73&id=B66DE4D9C3A64C73%21285&Bsrc=SkyMail&Bpub=SDX.SkyDrive&authkey=!ACjAt5T6hwk8m2Y
	
Document Preview: Chapter1What are the vernal and autumnal equinoxes? What are the summer and winter solstices? How are these four points related to the ecliptic and the celestial equator?How is an annular eclipse of the Sun different from a total eclipse of the Sun? What causes this difference?Chapter 2How did Copernicus explain the retrograde motions of the planets?Why was the discovery of Neptune a major confirmation of Newton’s universal law of gravitation?Chapter 3Describe reflection and refraction. How do these processes enable astronomers to build telescopes?Explain some of the advantages of reflecting telescopes over refracting telescopesChapter4What color will an interstellar gas cloud composed of hydrogen glow, and why?Explain why the Doppler shift tells us only about the motion directly along the line of sight between a light source and an observer, but not about motion across the celestial sphere.

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Question 1 
What are the vernal and autumnal equinoxes? What are the summer and winter solstices? How are these four points 
related to the ecliptic and the celestial equator? 
Answer 
Vernal Equinox:  Vernal Equinox is a point equivalent on the celestial sphere of the Earths prime meridian is where the 
Sun crosses the celestial equator moving northward  this point is called the vernal equinox. Angle of right of ascension is 
measured from vernal equinox. In vernal equinox, there is spring in Northern hemisphere and autumn in southern 
hemisphere. 
Autumnal Equinox: When sun is in the constellation Virgo then it is said to be Autumnal Equinox. During autumnal 
equinox that part of the sky that we can see is then daylight and stars visible on the other half of the sky, centered on 
the constellation Pisces. 
Summer Solstice: As we know that earth spins around its tilted axis at an angle of 23.5degrees. Because of this tilt for 
several months of the year one half of the earth receives more direct rays of the sun than the other half. In northern 
hemisphere it happens in June while in Southern hemisphere it happens in September. This phenomenon is known as 
summer solstice. June 21 is marked as summer solstice in Northern hemisphere. 
Winter Solstice: Winter solstice occurs in winters. For example when there is summer solstice in northern hemisphere 
on June 21, winter solstice starts simultaneously in southern hemisphere. During these days half of the earth does not 
receives direct rays of sun due to its tilted axis. This tilt causes change of seasons in Southern and Northern hemisphere.
Question 2 
How is an annular eclipse of the Sun different from a total eclipse of the Sun? What causes this difference? 
Answer 
In case of a Total Eclipse of the sun, sun is completely hidden behind the moon and this happens only when the moon is 
closest to the earth. So we can see only a shadow of sun but if moon is farthest from the Earth, then the Moons umbra 
falls short of the Earth and no one sees a total eclipse. From the Earth’s surface, the Moon then appears too small to 
cover the Sun completely, and a thin ring or “annulus” of light is seen around the edge of the Moon at mid-eclipse. 
This type of eclipse is called an annular eclipse.

Chapter1 What are the vernal and autumnal equinoxes? What are the summer and winter solstices? How are these four points related to the ecliptic and the celestial equator? How is an annular eclipse of...

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