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CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC Relationship between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review. Summary One of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide is gastric cancer (Van...

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CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC
Relationship between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review.
Summary
    One of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide is gastric cancer (Van Cutsem et al., XXXXXXXXXXInfection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is prevalent in humans, affecting 50 percent of the global population. Gastritis is caused by H. pylori invasion of the stomach, and infection is primarily asymptomatic in most infected people (Khatoon, 2016).
Research Questions
1. What effect does H. pylori have on the formation of cancer cells in the stomach among adult U.S. migrants?
2. Does an active lifestyle promote fewer symptoms of gastric cancer causes?
Study Design
    A systematic literature review will be used.
Instrumentation
    Data sources for peer review articles will come from notable search engines listed; National University Li
ary, Google Scholar, Science.gov, PubMed, and National Li
ary of Medicine.
References
Khatoon, J XXXXXXXXXXRole of helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: Updates. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 8(2), 147. https:
doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v8.i2.147
Van Cutsem, E., Sagaert, X., Topal, B., Haustermans, K., & Prenen, H XXXXXXXXXXGastric cancer. The Lancet, XXXXXXXXXX), 2654–2664. https:
doi.org/10.1016/s XXXXXXXXXX

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Problem
The introduction section begins with a
ief discussion of the area of interest and then presents the following sub-sections:
Background of the Problem
Description of the background of the problem (
ief historical perspective and explanation of why the problem remains unsolved at this time).
Statement of the Problem
The problem is presented in statement form, e.g., “The problem is …”
Purpose of the Study
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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
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CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
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CHAPTER 4. DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
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Answered 41 days After Jan 18, 2023

Solution

Bidusha answered on Jan 20 2023
36 Votes
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT        4
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT
Abstract
    Worldwide, gastric cancer is the most common cancer-related mortality, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is common in people. This comprehensive review of the literature attempts to shed light on the link between H. pylori and gastric cancer, with an emphasis on how the infection affects adult immigrants to the United States who develop stomach cancer as well as any possible preventive benefits of leading an active lifestyle. The National University Li
ary, Google Scholar, Science.gov, Pub Med, and the National Li
ary of Medicine will serve as the data sources for peer-reviewed papers. The findings of this analysis will provide light on possible causes and treatment options for stomach cancer.
Acknowledgements
    The authors would like to express their gratitude to the National University Li
ary, Google Scholar, Science.gov, Pub Med, and the National Li
ary of Medicine for providing valuable resources for this systematic literature review. We would also like to thank our colleagues and peers for their support and valuable feedback throughout the research process. Our research team would also like to give thanks to the funding agency that supported this research. This study would not have been possible without their support. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the contributions of all the authors whose work has been included in this review.
Table of contents
Abstract    2
Acknowledgements    3
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION    6
Introduction to the Problem    6
Background of the Problem    6
Statement of the Problem    6
Purpose of the Study    6
Hypotheses or Research Question    7
Significance of the Study    7
Assumptions    7
Limitations    7
Summary    7
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW    9
Description of gastric cancer    9
Statistics    13
Global Occu
ence    14
Causes of Gastric Cancer    14
Symptoms of gastric cancer    16
Active Lifestyle and Cancer Prevention    17
H. pylori Infection and Gastric Cancer in Immigrants    19
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY    20
Introduction    20
Hypotheses or Research Questions    21
Descriptions of the Participants    21
Instrumentation    22
Ethical Considerations    22
CHAPTER 4 – DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS    24
Introduction    24
Data Collection Procedures    24
Data Analysis and Results    25
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS    32
Introduction    32
Conclusions    32
Recommendations for Further Study    33
REFERENCES    36
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Problem
    Gastric cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, is a known risk factor for acquiring Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Half of the world's population is afflicted with the common pathogen H. pylori. Although most infected people have little symptoms, the infection has the ability to lead to gastritis, which in turn has the potential to develop into stomach cancer.
Background of the Problem
Bacteria known as H. pylori have the ability to inflame the stomach after infection. Over time, this inflammation may pave the way for the emergence of stomach cancer. H. pylori and stomach cancer have a complicated and poorly understood association. However, evidence indicates that H. pylori may contribute to the occu
ence of stomach cancer in some people.
Statement of the Problem
    The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between adult H. pylori infections and stomach cancer among U.S. immigrants. The study's objective is to learn more about how H. pylori affect the growth of stomach cancer cells and how leading an active lifestyle affects gastric cancer symptoms.
Purpose of the Study
    This study's objective is to conduct a thorough literature review to investigate the relationship between adult U.S. immigrants' H. pylori infections and stomach cancer. The study's objective is to determine how H. pylori impacts the growth of stomach cancer cells and how an active lifestyle affects gastric cancer symptoms.
Hypotheses or Research Question
· What effect do H. pylori have on the formation of cancer cells in the stomach among adult U.S. migrants?
· Does an active lifestyle promote fewer symptoms of gastric cancer causes?
Significance of the Study
    The findings of this study may help to clarify the connection between H. pylori and stomach cancer, particularly among adult immigrants to the United States. Using this knowledge, methods for preventing and treating stomach cancer in this group might be developed.
Assumptions
    It is anticipated that the study's participants will be typical adult U.S. immigrants, and that the information gathered will appropriately depict the association between stomach cancer and H. pylori in this community.
Limitations
    The volume of cu
ently available information restricts the conclusions that may be drawn from this study, which is limited to a systematic literature review. The study also only included adult U.S. immigrants, so it might not be generalizable to other groups.
Summary
    This study uses a thorough literature analysis to examine the connection between adult U.S. immigrants' H. pylori infection and stomach cancer. The study will look at how H. pylori affect the development of stomach cancer cells and how an active lifestyle affects symptoms of gastric cancer. The findings of this study may help to improve knowledge of the association between gastric cancer and H. pylori in this group and may be applied to the development of preventative and therapeutic methods for gastric cancer.
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW
Description of gastric cance
    Within the gastrointestinal plot, the stomach is an unusual organ. Its part in food digestion depends on the function of the muscles and enzymes that guide the processes, as well as the tubular form of the organ. The stomach comprises several layers of tissue, including the muscular propria, serosa, and submucosa. Similarly to that, it is partitioned into four compartments: the cardia, pylorus, fundus, and body. Endocrine cells in the gastric antrum of the mucosa produce more than half of the gastrin in the human stomach (Sugano, 2019) A diverse network of blood arteries and lymph nodes, as well as specific undifferentiated cells with a limit with respect to recovery, is present in the compartment. Understanding the formation of stomach tumors and the progression of gastric malignancies depends on this regenerative process. The expression "gastric cancer" describes cancer in the stomach's lining. Its rise is an intricate process, showing that a number of variables affect both its occu
ence and prevalence. However, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori are closely linked to the onset of stomach cancer. Tumors including squamous cell carcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas can form in the stomach (Ford, Yuan & Moayyedi, 2020). These tumors are uncommon, nevertheless. The adenocarcinoma, which originates in the mucosal layer of the stomach and continues advancement through the lymphatic vessels to su
ounding nodes, is the most widely recognized tumor discovered there.
Figure 1 – The stomach's layers (The mucosa is the deepest layer, including the endocrine cells entrusted with secretion of gastrin. The serosa is the top layer).
Source – (Jiang et al., 2019)
Figure 2 – Pathogenesis of gastric cancer. When H. pylori interacts with stomach components, the pathogenesis process begins, and either atrophic or non-atrophic gastritis results. A duodenal ulcer might occur if the etiology does not progress to full-blown malignancy.
Source – (Pormohammad et al., 2019)
    Adenocarcinomas effectively assault the stomach walls, first puncturing the muscular propria and later the mucosa (Xiao et al., 2019). H pylori cause the advancement of non-atrophic gastritis and further infection results in atrophic gastritis. Also, the stomach lining is supplanted with cells that resemble the intestinal lining when gastric cancer progresses to intestinal metaplasia. Dysplasia, the stage before the advancement of adenocarcinoma, is the following one in the dangerous progression route. The antral-pyloric district is the most common area for the improvement of stomach cancer, with mass tumors and body carcinomas occu
ing in the space of the more noteworthy or lesser curvature, according to (Keikha & Ka
alaei, 2021). Although they are uncommon, cardia cancers have been on the rise during the past several years. Cancers of the cardia can be difficult to distinguish from those approaching from the oesophageal junction due to their unique case and close closeness to the esophagus. However, there are very much separated and undifferentiated kinds of adenocarcinoma from a histological standpoint. In diffuse gastritis without atrophy, the diffuse kinds (poorly separated) exist. Also hereditary, diffuse gastric cancer is less frequent than intestinal cancer. It is characterized by the presence of cells with signet forms, which are sometimes challenging to recognize during an upper endoscopy. The intestinal assortment of gastric cancer, which is more prevalent, has a specific example of stepwise improvement from gastritis to metaplasia (Holmes et al., 2021). This form of cancer's tumor cells cling to each other and take on tubular shapes similar to those of other parts of the digestive system.
Figure 3 – The Inner Stomach. The stomach's inside lining is where cancer cells progress before reaching the serosa.
Source – (Holmes et al., 2019)
Figure 4 – Differentiated (a–c) and undifferentiated (d–f) gastric cancer phenotypes.
Source – (Khan et al., 2019)
Statistics
    The occu
ence of stomach cancer has been steadily reducing in the USA, which has resulted in a decrease in the number of fatalities from this sort of cancer (Zhao et al., 2020). Except for white males matured 29 to 39, the occu
ence of non-cardia stomach cancer considerably decreased in the USA somewhere in the range between 1977 and 2006 for all categories. This characteristic suggested significant environmental impacts, as well as the contribution of lifestyle choices to the rise in risk factors for this sort of cancer. The improvement of the refrigerator is co
elated with a fall in stomach cancer cases in the USA, showing that the accessibility of more fresh foods contributed to the decay. This decrease resulted from both the rise in vegetable admission and the su
ender of salting food as a method of food preservation. Salt was presently not a risk factor because of these lifestyle changes, which also saw the introduction of fruit and vegetables as healthful meals. As anticipated, stomach cancer affected roughly 21,600 persons in 201 — 13,230 males and 8,370 ladies (Fan et al., 2020). Annually, there were 24,000 new cases and 14,000 fatalities in the United States. Somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012, there were 5.3 men and 2.7 ladies diagnosed with stomach cancer per 100,000 predictions adjusted for studies. The figures were gotten from before research and analysis of changes in the rate of stomach cancer. This number suggests that it is feasible to decide the level of risk of creating stomach cancer in the future, even though the amount is still too small to be in any way represented as a part of the general population. Despite the way that the USA was the first country to record dropping rate, these figures might seem striking on a worldwide level, but the frequency is still significant. Poland has the highest pace of cancer nea
y, with male cases outnumbering those in any remaining European nations (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), while the UK has the lowest rates (Keikha & Ka
alaei, 2021). Stomach cancer rates range significantly by more than threefold between the highest rates in Poland and the lowest rates in the UK, according to Get al (2019) research. The pace of stomach cancer frequency has decreased during the past forty years, as it has in the majority of nations worldwide. However, the prevalence in Eastern Europe is still significant, with both sexes encountering a pace of 139.6 per 100,000 in 2012. Within this area are nations like Albania and the Russian League, where stomach cancer positioned second for male cancer fatalities and third for female cancer fatalities in 2012.
Global Occu
ence
    The global variance in the risk of stomach cancer shows a 10-crease propensity, with double the rates in males contrasted with ladies, according to (Askari et al., 2021). Despite the way that the global pace of stomach cancer continues to fall consistently, any further decay is unrealistic due to the maturing global population. Also, the drop has occu
ed at variable rates for various nations, with regions in Japan having lower rates than those in Europe and the USA (Youssefi et al., 2020). Furthermore, the drop started in other nations like the USA prior to the 20th century, with the 1930s getting a period of headway in the counteraction of stomach cancer. However, a global descending pattern started during the 1980s and has persisted from that point onward in the majority of countries throughout the world.
Causes of Gastric Cance
    As a multifactorial illness, stomach cancer can develop as a result of a variety of environmental causes. There are several associated factors that might lead to stomach cancer:
· Helicobacter pylori infection
· Atrophic gastritis
· Pernicious anaemia
· Stomach adenomas
    However, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is commonly known to be the cause of stomach ulcers, has been recognized as an essential contributor to gastric cancer. According to research from 2001, infection with H. pylori, particularly the cagA positive form of infection, raises the risk of non-cardia adenocarcinoma by six times (Terasawa et al., 2019). Some H. pylori strains produce toxins that consider stronger bacterial adhesion and, over the long haul, advance stomach lining distu
ance, which leads to this illness. Despite the way that not all varieties of H. pylori create toxins, these inflammations are the foundation of noncardiac stomach cancer.
Figure 5 – H. pylori-induced intestinal malignancy in the ge
il
Source – (Curado et al., 2019)
    H. pylori bacteria, especially on account of the non-cardia type of stomach cancer, are just the first cause of the disease. The presence of gastritis has shown a consistent connection to the eventual improvement of stomach cancer. Truth is told, Helicobacter pylori gastritis is a factor in 80% of stomach carcinomas (Wang et al., 21019). Due to their job as precursors to dysplasia and, eventually, adenocarcinoma, gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) convey a higher chance of forming into gastro cancer. According to Mao et al., (2019), the presence of H. pylori causes the normal stomach glandular epithelium to disappear and be supplanted with metaplastic glandular structures. As a result, those with severe atrophic gastritis have a more serious risk of getting stomach cancer than individuals without the infection or related i
itation. Atrophic gastritis frequently causes severe frailty because of the continuous loss and absence of vitamin B12 (Farmanfarma et al., 2020). Pernicious weakness patients foster true adenomatous polyps of the stomach three times more frequently than everyone. Nevertheless, the majority of adenomatous polyps reported in investigations were hyperplastic or regenerative polyps rather than true adenomas. Therefore, H. pylori simply serve as the foundation for causes of stomach cancer. Later occu
ences including the start of weakness and the progression of gastritis lead to the emergence of harmful growths inside the stomach. Gastric cancer is consequently more typical in populations with high levels of atrophic gastritis. Gastric cancer does not create at such a high rate in communities where H. pylori infections are not present.
Symptoms of gastric cance
    The difficulty with stomach cancer is that it seldom exhibits symptoms in the beginning phases (Pabla et al., 2020). When symptoms do arise, they frequently mi
or those of stomach ulcers, making it difficult to distinguish without doing a thorough endoscopy (Tavakoli et al., 2020). In the beginning phases, weariness is a typical symptom, even in the absence of any strenuous exercise. The majority of symptoms are frequently gentle, although individuals with gastric outlet blockage and visceral perforation are frequently seen in crisis settings. The patients also frequently have recu
ent acute heartburn after using run-of-the-mill prescription medications. Periods of indigestion may also wait for quite a while and cause quite a severe discomfort, alongside this heartburn. Constant nausea and regurgitation are other beginning phase symptoms that are prevalent. Some patients' regurgitation might contain microscopic blood streaks that are just visible under careful inspection. Another normal sign of these periods is the presence of stomach aches. Furthermore, stomach cancer frequently...
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