Assignment: Practical Application of Theory/Models in “Real World” Situations For this Assignment, you will identify a public health issue (topic) and a target population from within your community....

Running Head: APPLICATION OF THEORY IN REAL WORLD SITUATIONS    1
APPLICATION OF THEORY IN REAL WORLD SITUATIONS     11
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THEORY/MODELS IN “REAL WORLD” SITUATIONS
ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGNS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS USING SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
Table of Contents
Introduction to Smoking amongst Construction Workers    3
Social Cognitive Theory Addressing Smoking of Construction Workers    3
Constructs of Social Cognitive Theory and its Application to Health Issues and Challenges    4
Intervention for Each Construct    7
Evaluation of Intervention    8
Conclusion    9
References    10
Introduction to Smoking amongst Construction Workers
    Smoking is an ill-habit, which is responsible for the death of many people. Both active and passive smoking are dangerous for individuals. As suggested by Jamal (2016), twenty per cent of world’s population is smoking cigarettes. In Tampa, Florida, the construction workers are the most vulnerable sub-population of the smokers. As noted by Liu et al. (2015), around thirty per cent of the total smoking population consists of construction workers. Tobacco smoking is as addiction, once person starts smoking and makes it a regular habit, then it becomes difficult to control their addiction.
As mentioned by Johnson, Coleman, Tessman and Dickinson (2017), nicotine provides momentary relief from the work stress and hardships. It also available at low cost, which make the worker dependent on cigarette for relieve. Smoking is responsible for many kinds of diseases such as cancer like lung cancer and esophageal cancer, stroke, and COPD. Like active smoking, in which person is smoking first-hand; passive smoking, which occur when person inhale the smoke released while smoking cigarette, is also cause equal damage to the health.
Social Cognitive Theory Addressing Smoking of Construction Workers
    Social cognitive theory is a very common theory originated in psychology but applied in vast area because it is a learning theory based on the central idea that people learnt from the behavior of others. As suggested by Ozyilmaz, Erdogan and Karaeminogullari (2018), social cognitive theory describes the influence of experience, others actions and environmental factors can affect the individual health behavior.
This theory provides social support to the individual through developed expectations, observational learning, reinforcement, and self-efficacy. As suggested by Cooper and Lu (2016), explains human behavior by using the interaction of three factors, which are personal, environmental and behavioral. This theory has been selected as it has proven to be effectively applied to counsel interventions for disease prevention and management.
This theory suggests that people learnt from their experience, observing others and by knowing the results of others. People smoke either in company or start smoking under the influence of others’ company. Social cognitive theory helps in change in the behavior of workers in controlling smoking habit. If one person starts controlling and quitting the cigarette then other will observe and took the same initiative.
Constructs of Social Cognitive Theory and its Application to Health Issues and Challenges
    As suggested by Stacey, James, Chapman, Courneya and Lubans (2015), social cognitive theory consists of following construct- outcome expectations, self-efficacy, collective efficacy, self-regulation, behavioral compatibility, observational learning, motivation disengagement, and incentive motivation. All these constructs help in successful antismoking campaign as these constructs when used as intervention can help constructor workers quit smoking or limits number of cigarette smoke per day.
Outcome expectations
    It involves the belief about the likelihood and the consequences of the behavioral choices. It helps to determine the extent of positive outcomes of performing the behavior. Outcomes expectation help the individual to decide before they show any behavior. It helps in controlling the behavior (Moore & Evans, 2017). For example, if a person lies about something to another person, when truth eventually comes out, it will have negative outcomes. Predetermination of outcome can prevent the person to show certain behavior.
Self-efficacy
    As suggested by Ng and Lucianetti (2016), self-efficacy can be defined as the confidence in one’s ability to perform well in a given behaviors. It is task oriented thus, efficacy increases or decreases on basis of task or the area, in which the task is performed. It allows participants of the intervention to enjoy the smaller success in pathway of larger intervention. This help in boosting the morale of the person. For example,...