Solution
Ananya answered on
Mar 31 2022
Running Head: NURSING 1
NURSING 2
STRATEGIES NURSES CAN USE TO INCREASE CERVICAL SCREENING
Table of Contents
Introduction and Background 4
Rationale for Chosen Topic Area 4
Evidence Based Practices and Its Importance to Nursing Practice 4
Policy Context and Background 5
Search Question 6
Process to Develop Search Question 6
PICO Framework 6
Key Terms and Concepts 7
Modifications 8
Search Question 9
Critical Evaluation of the Literature Search Process 9
Rationale for the Search 9
Rationale for Specific Database Used 10
Literature Search 11
Problems Encountered 12
Actions Taken to Overcome Problems Encountered 12
Broad Overview of the Search Strategy Papers 12
Appraisal 13
Broad Overview of the Located Papers 13
Types of Evidence Found 15
Strength and Weaknesses of the Evidence 16
Conclusion 17
Summary of the Report 17
Evidences Addressing Issue 17
References 18
Appendix 21
Keywords 21
Number of Hits 21
Introduction and Background
Rationale for Chosen Topic Area
Cervical cancer is an emerging health problem in women aged between 28-64 years of age. It causes due to the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) or changes occu
ing in the cervical cells. The rate of the cases is growing but the rate of screening is very low due to the absence of the National Screening Program in Nigeria. The nurses handle the cervical screening of eligible women or women who shows interest in routine check-ups. As mentioned by Desai et al. (2020), the self-sampled HPV virus testing is feasible in Nigeria.
The cervical image confirms the presence of cancer cells and these procedures can be easily performed by the nurses and midwives to clear the taboo about cervical cancer including several strategies for its screening. The case numbers are increasing but the screening rates are not, hence several strategies of increasing the cervical screening practices must be augmented by the nurses and the midwives of Nigeria.
Evidence Based Practices and Its Importance to Nursing Practice
Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is based on the idea that the occupational practices must be based on scientific relevance of a situation (NIH- National Li
ary of Medicine, 2021). This can be highly observed in the healthcare practices and is important for the nurses to follow. According to Horntvedt et al. (2018), the EBP ensures patients safety in clinical based treatments.
Proper strategies must be adopted by the nurses to develop the skills of critical thinking and knowledge in EBP to get successful outcomes. The importance of EBP in nursing includes patients’ safety, application of knowledge into proper application, taking quick action in case of emergencies and enabling the nurses to apply the effective diagnostic method for the patient’s treatment according to the treatment plan.
In the case of cervical screening, the nurses must know the diagnostic types and the people to apply on them. As stated by Okunowo et al. (2018), the Pap smear test and HPV test are the two effective ways to find out the presence of cervical cancer in women of Nigeria. Hence, the nurses must grow their knowledge and skills about such diagnostic processes to give proper care to the patients maintaining their safety.
Policy Context and Background
Cervical cancer occurs mainly in women by the inclusion of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in their cervix during sexual interaction. As mentioned by Manikandan et al. (2019), the HPV affects the cervical cells and causes the growth of a tumour, which effectively turns into cancer as time passes. Hence, timely screening of the cervix is of much importance for the women aged above 25 years, which can find the presence of the virus in an initial stage and stop it from becoming a cancerous cell.
A higher population of women from teenage to their mid-ages are found to be affected each year though the trends of death due to cervical cancer are decreasing. As stated by Jedy-Agba et al. (2020), cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer occu
ing in sub-Saharan Africa. The trend shows that it is higher in younger women than the older ones as it is a contagious virus, which spreads through unprotected sex.
Cancer treatments require a huge amount of expenditure without any permanent solution to the disease. Hence, the best way to combat it is by screening at regular interval of time. According to Perehudoff et al. (2020), the Government requires to refocus on their health policies and include cervical screening on undeserved women at intervals of 3 to 5 years.
Especially in Nigeria, which is an underdeveloped Country of West Africa, the cost of the treatment is a burden if it occurs once. So, a proper screening program must be established which can be followed by the nurses and midwives for the women of Nigeria decreasing the rate of occu
ence of the disease. A proper EBP and skills in the clinical diagnostics will allow the nurses to do so which can be grown through practical skill development of the nurses.
Search Question
Process to Develop Search Question
The critical analysis of the process to develop my search question includes the area of my interest and the general information, which I gathered about it. My interest includes the strategies a nurse could uptake to increase cervical screening. As mentioned by Rahman et al. (2020), the importance of a research question is to focus on the track of the research topic of interest. Hence, this must be properly followed ad guided by a co
ect framework.
Having an objective of the study is very important to create a search question. According to Hunt et al. (2018), overview of a topic helps to create a proper knowledge about the topic and create a search question accordingly. The aim and ideas must be very clear about the objectives, on which the research is based on. This will help to maintain the creation of a relevant search question on which information can be gathered easily.
The process I used to develop a search question is by doing literature reviews on emerging diseases in Nigeria, the ways of treatment to control it, the ways to remove it from the society, the causation factors of the diseases and proper nursing practices, which can be strategized accordingly to create an evidence-based practice in the clinical application. Such information is gathered from research articles, journals, CINHAL and MEDLINE, which helped to introduce these in a co
ect format and create an impactful search question.
PICO Framework
To support my search question, I used the PICO framework as it is effective in Evidence Based Practice and give proper clinical results to applied questions. The PICO framework includes several questions to gather knowledge about the cu
ent problem of the patients and their preferable outcomes. As stated by Kloda et al. (2020), PICO stands for Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome, which increases the research skills and research question development.
In my framework, the PICO suggested:
P- Low uptake of cervical cancer screening by patients
I- Interventions or strategies nurses can use to increase the uptake of screening
C- No comparison
O- An increased uptake of cervical cancer screening
This framework supported the development of my search question. The topic of the research taken up by me was cervical screening as it is connected to my present study and I can relate the application of it. The framework is based on the women of Nigeria, a typically underdeveloped country in West Africa.
According to Uchendu et al. (2021), the knowledge about the disease and its screening being the only effective process to avoid it misses from the women of Nigeria, which made me choose the area of research and forming the search question through the PICO framework. The patient types, the ways of diagnostic and treatment, the comparison of the processes of treatment and diagnosis and the outcome of such applications can clearly be depicted through the PICO framework.
Key Terms and Concepts
As mentioned by Yancey et al. (2018), developing key terms in the higher studies, helps the students to gather more knowledge about the context they are studying for. Some key concepts and terms to the context of my question are strategy, ways, numbers, methods, act; uptake, augment and improve. These terms helped in the search of nursing practices in CINHAL and MEDLINE, which provides information on healthcare and nursing.
These were defined in the context of literature reviews to get the accurate result for creating a search question. The central idea of the study was defined using the context of the study. The key terms were answered
oadly in terms of my question such as the knowledge about the cervical cancer and its screening is highly produced when searched for.
Several nursing strategies, methods of action in nursing sectors, acts and laws of hospitals and improvement of nursing practices were answered while using the terms according to my context. These helped to increase my knowledge about the evidence-based practices and create a concept about the strategies used in clinical application of the nursing techniques.
Modifications
In the beginning of the preparation of my search question, the search question was too
oad being ‘What are the several ways a nurse can adopt to increase the cervical screening uptake by Nigerian women?’ I planned for...