Antibiotics project Spring 2019 For each of the antibiotics below please detail: ·When and how they were discovered ·What it treats ·Mode of action ·Possible side effects ·Factors that would...

Cefadroxil:
· It is a
oad class of bactericidal antibiotics forming the first generation of cephalosporins.
· It was discovered in the year in 1948 from a sewage outfall off the Sardiniancoast.
· Cefadroxil binds to the specific penicillin-binding proteins located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
· It is useful in the treatments of skin and urinary tract infections with possible side effects of nausea, dia
hea, vomiting.
· It is contra-indicated among patients with renal impairments and GI diseases.
Ciprofloxacin:
· Ciprofloxacin is a
oad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic discovered in 1981 by Bayer.
· The drug acts by inhibiting the enzymes topoisomerase IIand topoisomerase IV, required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repairand recombination.
· It’s used in treating dia
hea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections and urinary tract infections.
· Possible side effects are dizziness, headache, abdominal pain etc.
· However, it is contradicted in patients with hypersensitivity reactions.
Clindamycin:
· Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic, discovered in the year 1966 and came into recognition from the year 1970.
· It has a primary bacteriostatic effect.
· The drug acts by inhibiting the ribosomal translocation.
· This drug is used in the treatment of anerobic infections, dental infections and respiratory tract infections.
· It is associated with side effects such as metallic taste, erythema, itchiness, nausea.
· However, it is contradicted among patients with a history of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis.
Azithromycin:
· It is an acid -stable antibiotic discovered in the year 1980 by a team of researchers at pharmaceutical company in Croatia.
· This drug acts by preventing the bacteria from growing by interfering with the protein synthesis.
· It is used in the treatment of skin infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and acute otitis.
· However, it is associated with minor side effects such as nausea, headache and vomiting.
· Drug usage has been contraindicated for patients with history of hepatic dysfunction.
Sulfamethizole:
· It is a
oad-spectrum sulfanilamide with antibacterial property discovered in the year 1930’s.
· It acts by inhibiting the folate synthesis.
· This drug is used in treatment of urinary tract infection.
· On the contrary, it is associated with side effects such as vaginitis, nausea and skin rash.
· It is contraindicated among patients with a history of drug induced immune thrombocytopenia and patients with known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.
Polymyxin B:
· It is an antibiotic primarily used for treating the resistant gram-negative infections.
· This group of antibiotics were discovered in the year 1947 and came into usage from the year 1950.
· They exhibit bactericidal action by binding to the cell mem
ane and altering the structure.
· It is used in treating bacterial infections.
· This drug shows side effects such as flushing, dizziness, loss of coordination.
· However, it is contraindicated during renal impairment and pregnancy.
Streptomycin:
· It is an antibiotic discovered in 1943 from Streptomyces griseus by Albert S in the Selman Waksman at Rutgers university.
· It acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor acts by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms.
· This drug is used for treating tuberculosis, plague and infective endocarditis.
· Its side effects include kidney toxicity and ototoxicity.
· Furthermore, it is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Meropenem:
· Meropenem is a
oad-spectrum antibiotic, developed during the 1980s, as an advancement in the structural chemistry of the ca
apenems.
· It acts by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis.
· However, Meropenem is bactericidal except against Listeria monocytogenes where it acts bacteriostatic.
· It is used in treating bacterial meningitis.
· However, its side effects include headache, constipation and nausea.
· It is contraindicated in neurological diseases, seizures and renal impairment.
Gentamicin:
· It is an...