ALL QUESTIONS ARE FROM THE BOOK “ DISCOVERING THE UNIVERS” 9thEDITION, SO PLEASE USE THE BOOK AS REFERENCES. and write the references down please i need it as soon as possible CHAPTER 10: 4. Describe...

Chapter 10
4. Describe the three main layers of the Sun's interior.
Answer
The Sun’s whole interior surface is divided into three layers called photosphere. Chromospheres
and corona. The photosphere is the innermost layers that made the Sun’s atmosphere. Only this
layer and the innermost layer are visible to us because the upper two layers are transparent to
most wavelengths of visible light. This region is about 400km thick and average temperature is
around 5800K. Immediately above the photosphere is a dim layer of less dense stellar gas, called
the chromospheres. This layer is visible only when photosphere is blocked during Total solar
eclipse. It extends up to 2000km above the photosphere and temperature increases continuously
from the boundary of photosphere and chromospheres goes as high as 10,000K. The outermost
layer of the sun’s atmosphere is called the corona. In this layer temperature is around 1millionth
of Kelvin.
References:
Neil F Comins, W. J. (2008). The Sun: Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star. In W. J. Neil F Comins,
Discovering the Universe Eight Edition (p. 288 - 291). W.H Freeman and Company.
11. What do astronomers mean by a "model of the Sun”?
Answer
Model of the sun is the replication of the condition that exists on the sun’s surface like higher
temperature and pressure to initiate nuclear fusion reaction between helium nuclei. This replica
of the sun will facilitate the astronomers to study the reaction that are going on the sun's surface
on earth. If we will be able to create such conditions on earth successfully then there will no
energy crisis around the world. Equations needed to study the process are already developing the
eplica work as per the equations developed. Since the equations are complex they are solved
with the help of computers and the results were represented on a graph which is in agreement
with the reactions that occur on the surface of the sun.
References:
Neil F Comins, W. J. (2008). The Sun: Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star. In W. J. Neil F Comins,
Discovering the Universe Eight Edition (p. 305). W.H Freeman and Company.
15. What is a neutrino, and why astronomers are so interested in detecting neutrinos from the
Sun?
Answer
Neutrinos are particles that are generated during nuclear fusion reaction that occur on the surface
of the sun or any star. These reactions are very powerful that can be understood by the energy
giving capacity of the sun. Sun is giving energy to us from billions of years ago and will
continue to for another billion of years in the future. Neutrinos are produced on the surface of the
sun or any star where the same reaction occurs. These neutrinos are very interesting particles for
astronomers as they do not interact with ordinary matter. It was calculated that almost 100 billion
neutrinos pass through our body from the unit centimeter square area of our body per second but
we are not able to feel it. Various detectors are employed to detect theses neutrinos for studying
their composition and behavior under various conditions. Astronomers are interested in these
particles because they want to build a neutrino telescope which can detect and calculate
everything about sun’s surface.
References:
Neil F Comins, W. J. (2008). The Sun: Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star. In W. J. Neil F Comins,
Discovering the Universe Eight Edition (p. 307). W.H Freeman and Company.
CHAPTER 11
1. Stellar parallax measurements are used in astronomy to determine which of the following
properties of stars?
A. speeds,
. rotation rates
c. distances,
d. colors,
e. temperatures.
Answer
Stellar parallax is a technique or method used to determine apparent motion of the stars with
espect to distant stars. Using this method we are able to calculate distances of stars from earth
with respect to the very distant star. Hence option (c) is...