1. Cardiac Arrhythmia a. Interpret and explain cardiac rhythm · Heart rate- tachycardia · Heart rhythm- irregularly irregular (atrial fibrillation) detected by the r-r interval measurement · Axis ·...

Health care        1
Health care
Contents
1.    Cardiac A
hythmia    3
a.    Interpret and explain cardiac rhythm    3
.    Potential reasons for this cardiac rhythm    4
c.    Three treatment options    5
2.    Pathology and treatment    6
d.    Interpretation of the ABG findings    6
e.    Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary oedema    6
f.    Medical and nursing interventions for the patient with APO, with ABG and vital signs listed in the case study    8
3.    Systematic Patient Assessment (handover)    8
g.    Secondary survey    9
h.    Three respiratory sign and symptoms of APO, assessment and monitoring techniques to be used by the night shift staff    10
4.    References    11
Cardiac A
hythmia
Interpret and explain cardiac rhythm
The proper interpretation of the cardiac rhythm is one of the most important parts of the emergency medical services. The four-chambered heart is generally made up of two receiving chambers named atria and two pumping chambers they are called ventricles. The cardiac rhythm is generally counted as the number of electrical impulses that are generally represented by PQRST (Jonas, Kahwati, Yun, Middleton, Coker-Schwimmer, & Asher, 2018). The number of P waves generally indicates the atrial rate and the QRS complex acts as an indicator of ventricular rate. Various methods are available in case of determining the cardiac rhythm. A
ief explanation is being given below to describe the cardiac rhythm
· Heart rate tachycardia
· Heart rhythm i
egularly, i
egular (atrial fi
illation) directed by the r-r interval measurements
· Axis
· Hypertrophy
· Intervals
· P wave - p wave was unidentifiable in the given ECG
· QRS complex
· ST-segment- T wave
· PR interval should be 120-200 ms (0.12-0.20 sec) that equals to 3-5 small ECG squares
ECG tracking generally explains the condition of the heart. The rate of heart as well as the regulatory or regulatory face of the rhythm can also be detected by this process. From the above interpretation, the general overview for both the atrial and ventricular rates can be calculated. Generally, both the atrial and ventricular rates remain the same. the normal heart rate in most of the cases falls between 60-100 beats/ min. In abnormal cases, the heart rates generally deflect from the normal range. The R-R intervals and the P-P intervals remain regular in the normal cases and there should be one P for every QRS (Petty 2016). All the P waves are needed to be pointed in the same direction and they should be upside and rounded in the normal cases. All QRS complexes are needed to be in equal duration and the R-R interval between each QRS is needed to be regular.
Potential reasons for this cardiac rhythm
· High blood pressure
· Valve disorders
· Cardiomyopathy ( changes in the heart muscle)
· Severe injury due to a heart attack
· Coronary artery disease
· Imbalances of electrolyte in the blood (sodium, potassium)
If the coordinator of electrical impulses of the heart gets disrupted, the heart a
hythmias occu
ed. The i
egular heartbeat such as a very fast or very slow rate can be observed. The cardiac a
hythmia can be considered as a life-threatening severe condition and is needed to be taken care of properly. An increasing rate of heartbeat such as greater than 100 beats/ min refers to tachycardia. On the other hand, the slow heart rate is less than 60 Beats/min is termed as
adycardia. Atrial fi
illation is also a stage of rapid heart rate. This is generally caused by chaotic electrical impulses in the atria. These chaotic electrical signals generally create pressure on AV notes. This results in i
egular and rapid rhythm in the ventricles. There is another type of i
egular heart condition that can be seen, called atrial flutter. This is also caused due to more rhythmic electrical impulses and leads to severe complications such as stroke. Supraventricular tachycardia is also a severe form of cardiac a
hythmia. This supraventricular tachycardia acts on the AV nodes and many times it causes sudden episodes of palpitations.
Three treatment options
· Cardioversion - in the case of treatment of the various types of a
hythmia such as atrial fi
illation, most of the cases use of cardioversion can be observed. By adopting proper medications and precaution this process can be performed. In this case, a shock is being delivered through paddles on the chest of the patients. This cu
ent may affect the electrical impulses of the heart and also most of the time can restore the normal rhythm.
· Vagal maneuvers- in this case, supraventricular...