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A civil engineering professor was interested in how different teaching methods affected student’s knowledge. I noticed that some lecturers were aloof and arrogant in their teaching style and...

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  1. A civil engineering professor was interested in how different teaching methods affected student’s knowledge. I noticed that some lecturers were aloof and arrogant in their teaching style and humiliated anyone who asked them a question, while others were encouraging and supporting of questions and comments. Three transportation engineering courses were surveyed where the same material was taught. For one group of students, the professor used a large cane and beat anyone who asked daft questions or got questions wrong (punish). In the second group, the professor used a normal teaching style, which is to encourage students to discuss things that they find difficult and to give anyone working hard a piece of chocolate (reward). The final group the professor remained indifferent to and neither punished or rewarded students’ efforts (indifferent). The dependent measure was the student’s exam scores (percentages). Based on theories learning, we expect punishment to be a very successful way of reinforcing learning, but we expect reward to be very successful. Therefore, one prediction is that reward will produce the best learning. A second hypothesis is that punishment should actually retard learning such that it is worse than an indifferent approach to learning. Carry out a one-way ANOVA and use planned comparisons to test the hypotheses above.
    1. Is the homogeneous variances assumption met? How do you know, explain in one sentence.
    2. State the null hypothesis in equation format.
    3. State the alternative hypothesis in equation format.
    4. Is the null hypothesis accepted or rejected. Why or why not? Explain in one sentence
    5. What is the conclusion of the ANOVA test?
    6. What is the calculated F-ratio?
    7. What is the critical F-ratio?
    8. What are the two contrasts that should be performed?
      1. Reward vs. Punishment and Indifference
      2. Punishment vs. Indifference
    9. What are the conclusions of the contrasts?
    10. What is the omega squared value for the test?
    11. What are the effect sizes for the two contrasts?

  1. Refer back to problem number 1 and carry out a one-way ANOVA assuming no understanding of the outcome was previously hypothesized. What are the differences in your outcomes?
    1. Is the homogeneous variances assumption met? How do you know, explain in one sentence
    2. State the null hypothesis in equation format.
    3. State the alternative hypothesis in equation format.
    4. Is the null hypothesis accepted or rejected. Why or why not. Explain in one sentence.
    5. What is the conclusion of the ANOVA test?
    6. What is the calculated F-ratio?
    7. What is the critical F-ratio?
    8. What post hoc test should be utilized?
      1. Bonferroni
      2. Games-Howell
    9. How many post hoc tests will be utilized?
    10. What is the Bonferroni corrected alpha for the post hoc tests?
    11. One of the post hoc comparisons is not significant. State which one and explain in one sentence.
    12. Based upon the post hoc tests, which teaching style statistically produced higher exam results?

  1. A researcher was interested in trying to prevent coulrophobia (fear of clowns) in children. She decided to do an experiment in which different groups of children (15 in each) were exposed to different forms of positive information about clowns. The first group watched advertisements for McDonald’s in which Ronald McDonald is seen cavorting about with children. The second group was told a story about a clown who helped some children when they got lost in a forest. A third group was entertained by a real clown who came into the classroom and made balloon animals for the children. A final group acted as a control condition and they did not experience any clowns. The researcher took self-reported ratings of how much the children liked clowns resulting in a score for each child that could range from 0 (not scared of clowns) to 5 (very scared of clowns). Analyze the data with a Kruskal-Wallis test.
    1. State the null hypothesis in equation format.
    2. Is the null hypothesis accepted or rejected. Why or why not? Explain in one sentence.
    3. What is the conclusion of the ANOVA test?
    4. What post hoc test should be utilized?
      1. Bonferroni
      2. Games-Howell
      3. Kruskal-Wallis
      4. Mann Whitney U
    5. How many post hoc tests will be utilized?
    6. What is the Bonferroni corrected alpha for the post hoc tests?
    7. What are the post hoc comparisons?
      1. None vs. Ronald
      2. None vs. Story
      3. None. Vs. Real
    1. One of the post hoc comparisons is significant meaning one clown interaction created higher levels of fear. State which one and explain in one sentence.
    2. What was the effect size for the significant comparison?
Answered Same Day Dec 25, 2021

Solution

Robert answered on Dec 25 2021
116 Votes
1. A civil engineering professor was interested in how different teaching methods affected student’s knowledge. I
noticed that some lecturers were aloof and a
ogant in their teaching style and humiliated anyone who asked them a
question, while others were encouraging and supporting of questions and comments. Three transportation
engineering courses were surveyed where the same material was taught. For one group of students, the professor
used a large cane and beat anyone who asked daft questions or got questions wrong (punish). In the second group,
the professor used a normal teaching style, which is to encourage students to discuss things that they find difficult
and to give anyone working hard a piece of chocolate (reward). The final group the professor remained indifferent to
and neither punished or rewarded students’ efforts (indifferent). The dependent measure was the student’s exam
scores (percentages). Based on theories learning, we expect punishment to be a very successful way of reinforcing
learning, but we expect reward to be very successful. Therefore, one prediction is that reward will produce the best
learning. A second hypothesis is that punishment should actually retard learning such that it is worse than an
indifferent approach to learning. Ca
y out a one-way ANOVA and use planned comparisons to test the hypotheses
above.

1. Is the homogeneous variances assumption met? How do you know, explain in one sentence.
With levene statistic =2.569 and p-value > 0.05, I fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude
that results are not significant. that is homogeneous variances assumption is met.

2. State the null hypothesis in equation format.
Ho: u1= u2 = u3
3. State the alternative hypothesis in equation format.
H1: u1=/= u2 =/= u3
4. Is the null hypothesis accepted or rejected. Why or why not? Explain in one sentence
Since p-value is less than alpha (0.05), I reject the null hypothesis.

5. What is the conclusion of the ANOVA test?
At least one of the mean exam scores of three types of Teaching Method differs significantly.

6. What is the calculated F-ratio?
F-ratio = 21.008

7. What is the critical F-ratio?
critical F-ratio = F(0.05/2, 2, 27) = 3.35413083

8. What are the two contrasts that should be performed?
1. Reward vs. Punishment and Indifference
2. Punishment vs. Indifference

9. What are the conclusions of the contrasts?
With p-value < 0.05, I can say that there is...
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